如果說火爆的儲能行業(yè)堪比新能源賽道上的皇冠，那么工商業(yè)儲能就是皇冠上的明珠。

 提及儲能，人們習慣更多地關(guān)注源網(wǎng)側(cè)儲能電站（大儲）身上，探討發(fā)電側(cè)配儲、利用率、共享儲能模式等話題，但其實在國內(nèi)，從收入模式和耦合性上考量，工商業(yè)儲能的增長潛力和市場機會，要遠比大儲、戶儲更為誘人。

 目前，大儲占了國內(nèi)儲能市場近90%的份額，其中共享儲能約20%左右，剩下10%的蛋糕是用戶側(cè)儲能，包括工商業(yè)儲能、戶儲。國外則完全不一樣，海外市場則以用戶側(cè)儲能為主，尤其是在美國、德國、意大利等國家。2022年，歐洲戶儲增速高達71%，新增裝機3.9GWh，德國、意大利、英國、奧地利位列前四位。特別是德國戶用光伏的配儲率高達70%，位居全球第一。

這也不意外，高電價國家，或者電網(wǎng)設(shè)施薄弱的地區(qū)，戶用儲能往往發(fā)展較快。顯然，中國居民生活用電價格較低，并沒完全執(zhí)行分時電價政策，且電能穩(wěn)定性較高，限制了戶儲市場的發(fā)展空間。

 

在中國，工商業(yè)反哺居民生活用電，一直心照不宣，居民生活用電低價的“雷打不動”是靠工商業(yè)用電的“彈性”來保障的，包括輸配電成本、運行費用等，均由工商業(yè)分攤。這意味著工商業(yè)用電的分時電價政策、峰谷價差會更為劇烈地變化，由工商業(yè)分攤風光新能源并網(wǎng)所帶來的更高的運行費、損益費。

 

于是，工商業(yè)儲能的商業(yè)邏輯越來越“硬核”。

 

同為儲能，工商業(yè)大不同

隨著中國各地峰谷價差進一步拉大，疊加鋰電池成本下降，工商業(yè)儲能IRR(內(nèi)部收益率)穩(wěn)步提升，經(jīng)濟性越來越明顯。工商業(yè)儲能成為儲能賽道中增速最快的分支。

 

表面看，儲能系統(tǒng)都是由電池、PCS變流器、BMS、EMS及其他電氣電路和保護、監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)、消防等幾大部分組成，但實際上，源網(wǎng)側(cè)儲能與工商業(yè)儲能在系統(tǒng)側(cè)重、商業(yè)邏輯、收入模式方面存在著很大區(qū)別。

 

工商業(yè)儲能的集成度更強，會采用儲能一體柜的形態(tài)，而非大儲的集裝箱。工商業(yè)儲能的容量相對要小一些，因為更多地是滿足企業(yè)用戶光伏自發(fā)自用、降低用電成本，基本不參與電網(wǎng)調(diào)度，所以對系統(tǒng)控制的要求遠低于源網(wǎng)側(cè)儲能。

比如電池方面，工商業(yè)儲能不要求響應(yīng)速度，更看重成本、循環(huán)充放電次數(shù)，所以通常為能量型電池，而非功率型的動力電池，后者需要參與調(diào)頻、緊急備用等電力輔助服務(wù)，響應(yīng)時間的要求更高。能量型電池更為持久，不需要太高的倍率，一般為2C左右，更像是馬拉松選手，而功率型電池就如短跑，需要的是爆發(fā)力。在電池管理精細度方面，工商業(yè)儲能電池系統(tǒng)不需要過于復(fù)雜、分層分級的管理策略，甚至部分PCS兼具BMS的功能。

 

再來看PCS（儲能變流器），工商業(yè)儲能PCS的功能要簡單得多，更容易與電池系統(tǒng)一體化集成，適用于鋰電池、LEP等串并聯(lián)需求，單向充放電，對分布式光伏逆變器的適配性和耦合性更強。大儲的PCS還要具備一次調(diào)頻、功率快速響應(yīng)能力，用于電網(wǎng)支撐功能。從個頭上看，工商業(yè)儲能PCS更小巧。

 

EMS（能量管理系統(tǒng)）也是同樣的道理，工商業(yè)儲能的能量管理系統(tǒng)屬于基礎(chǔ)版，側(cè)重于局域網(wǎng)的本地能量管理，而大儲則需要具備電網(wǎng)調(diào)度接口，支持多種通信規(guī)約，滿足源網(wǎng)荷儲等多能互補的能量管理和監(jiān)控。

 

從收入來源上看，新能源配儲更多依賴于平滑并網(wǎng)，減少棄風棄光，很少參與輔助服務(wù)；獨立儲能電站（含共享儲能）的收入方式更為多元，包括容量租賃、電力輔助服務(wù)、峰谷差套利、容量補償?shù)?。相比，工商業(yè)儲能的價值更加多維。

 

從應(yīng)用場景、收入模式上看，工商業(yè)儲能可以單獨配置儲能，也可以光儲一體，甚至與微電網(wǎng)耦合在一起，收入來源上也有很多：

 

比如峰谷價差套利，在電價谷時充電，峰時或尖峰時向電網(wǎng)放電獲利，度電收益達到0.7元/Kwh，降低用電成本；提高光伏發(fā)電的自發(fā)自用率，在光伏大發(fā)時，暫時將電能儲存在電池中，光伏發(fā)電不足時，電池中的電能釋放出來供負荷使用；此外，需量管理也是工商業(yè)儲能的一項關(guān)鍵調(diào)整能力，變壓器容量在315千伏安及以上的大工業(yè)用電采用兩部制電價，即電量電價+容量電價，前者是剛性的，但配備儲能的話，容量或需量就能降下來，壓縮容量電價成本；此外，工商業(yè)儲能也會涉及到部分電力現(xiàn)貨市場、電力輔助服務(wù)，但通常較少。

3060

利好刺激，工商業(yè)儲能起飛

源網(wǎng)側(cè)儲能基本上是大塊頭的生意，容量大，投資額大，更多的是電網(wǎng)公司、發(fā)電企業(yè)的五大四小的少數(shù)派游戲，而且是典型的買方市場，變現(xiàn)渠道主要是電力輔助服務(wù)，提供備用、調(diào)峰調(diào)頻、爬坡、轉(zhuǎn)動慣量、黑啟動等服務(wù)。

 

從政策紅利和友好度來衡量，近年來，工商業(yè)儲能的利好刺激顯然要強于大儲，主要是分時電價政策的推進，峰谷價差的繼續(xù)拉大。

 

2023年上半年，廣東、浙江、江蘇等在內(nèi)多地，密集調(diào)整工商業(yè)分時電價，同時馬上入夏，再次面臨去年高溫限電、損益電價分攤給工商業(yè)帶來的用電成本飛漲，分布式光伏、工商業(yè)儲能的裝機需求進一步增強。以2023年第一季度為例，分布式光伏安裝18.13GW，其中工商業(yè)占了半壁江山，江蘇、浙江排在前兩位。

而且，這一輪分時電價調(diào)整，重點是峰值時段和尖峰電價的調(diào)整，進一步優(yōu)化了峰值時段劃分，像四川上午峰值時段增至2小時，讓工商業(yè)儲能可以做到兩充兩放，提升了儲能投資的經(jīng)濟性；其次是尖峰電價的上漲，如江蘇、四川、北京的尖峰電價設(shè)置為高峰電價基礎(chǔ)上浮20%，進一步拉大了峰谷價差，儲能收益相應(yīng)增加。

 

此外，工商業(yè)的分布式光伏與儲能的組合還有“天時地利”之和。在全天時段中，中午太陽能輻射強度高，光伏發(fā)電出力大，但這個時段電價較低，越是光伏裝機量大的地區(qū)，中午電價越低，電力現(xiàn)貨市場更如此。這時就需要配置一定容量的儲能，午間存儲大發(fā)的光伏發(fā)電量，將電能搬移到下午的高峰或尖峰時段，既消納了光伏發(fā)電，又能賺取更高的差價收益，或者在尖峰段降低用電成本。

 

能鏈研究院進行了簡單測算，以浙江10MW/20MWH規(guī)模的工商業(yè)儲能項目為例，在一充一放、原有分時電價機制下，儲能的投資回收周期在8年以上，經(jīng)濟性一般，因此投資意愿低。但在新的分時電價機制下，按國網(wǎng)浙江發(fā)布的2023年6月代理工商業(yè)用戶購電價格核算，尖峰電價1.71元/度，高峰電價1.43元/度，低谷電價0.46元/度，峰谷最大價差1.25元，4-5年就能回收成本。

如果是單一的峰谷價差套利的工商業(yè)儲能項目，LCOE成本是一道生死線，0.7元/度的峰谷價差，IRR能達到9.82%，這個時候，投資儲能是具備可操作性的。

 

可以預(yù)見，隨著分時電價政策在各省市的推進，工商業(yè)儲能進入正向盈利的省份地區(qū)越來越多，這必將刺激市場端更多儲能項目投建的積極性，工商業(yè)儲能將成為國內(nèi)企業(yè)實現(xiàn)緊急備電、維持正常經(jīng)營、降低電費支出的重要手段。

融合性高，想象空間巨大

而且工商業(yè)儲能以上收益測算并未考慮到補貼收益，目前，無論是稅收、市場準入等，各地都在鼓勵工商業(yè)用戶建設(shè)儲能電站，這些政策在一定程度上降低了儲能總體的投資和運營成本。

目前，全國正在實施的補貼政策多達30項，向用戶側(cè)且注重分布式光伏耦合的項目傾斜，補貼方式包括容量補貼、放電補貼、投資補貼。比如合肥對1MW以上的項目按放電量給予0.3元/Kwh的補貼，連續(xù)補貼2年；深圳鼓勵數(shù)據(jù)中心、5G基站、充電設(shè)施、工業(yè)園區(qū)等布局儲能，按實際放電量0.2元/Kwh補貼；江蘇無錫則按容量補貼，直接按裝機量給一次性0.1元/W，浙江多地的容量補貼則按0.2元/W、0.18元/W逐級退坡。

 

不僅僅有額外補貼收益，工商業(yè)儲能被持續(xù)看好，還在于其具有更好的耦合性和融合性，不僅僅是單一配置儲能的場景。工商業(yè)儲能的商業(yè)模式更具延展性，可以與光伏分布式發(fā)電、微電網(wǎng)、能源管理、充電樁及充電站、虛擬電廠等新型能源消費形式融合在一起，帶來更多元的收入模式，就具備了更大的想象空間。

 

相比大儲，工商業(yè)的應(yīng)用場景更為豐富，可廣泛應(yīng)用在工業(yè)廠房、商業(yè)樓宇、園區(qū)、數(shù)據(jù)中心、基站、電動汽車充電站、礦區(qū)/油田等場景。其中，在社會用電量中占比越來越高的EV充電站對配置儲能的剛性需求越來越大。

 

能鏈研究院預(yù)計，2030年電動汽車公用充電量在社會用電量中的占比將翻24倍，從2022年的0.16%增至4%。2025年，全國充電站配建儲能規(guī)模將達到23GW，投資規(guī)模近千億元。2030年，這一數(shù)字將增至243GW，投資規(guī)模超過8700億元。2023-2030年的CAGR達64%。未來，光儲充將成為充電站的標配。

 

工業(yè)用電約占到全社會用電量的66%，即便未來20%的廠房、園區(qū)等配套儲能，整個工商業(yè)儲能的容量將會是數(shù)萬億的市場。

 

如潛龍在淵，蓄勢待發(fā)，工商業(yè)儲能正成為儲能賽道中最具潛力的分支，也吸引了各路力量的參與。

 

從工商業(yè)企業(yè)用戶、分布式能源投資商到虛擬電廠、充電樁投資及充電服務(wù)商、售電公司等均躍躍欲試，開始投資工商業(yè)儲能項目。

 

比如新能源服務(wù)商能鏈智電（NASDAQ：NAAS）與儲能系統(tǒng)集成商和服務(wù)提供商海博思創(chuàng)成立合資公司能鏈海博，還戰(zhàn)略投資了工商業(yè)儲能創(chuàng)新企業(yè)樂駕（后更名為樂創(chuàng)），就在于能形成用戶側(cè)的充電服務(wù)、儲能、光伏、虛擬電廠一體化解決方案，既能峰谷價差套利，降低充電站用電成本，又能進入電力交易市場，參與需求側(cè)響應(yīng)。

 

著眼更長遠的未來，工商業(yè)儲能一定是比拼融合性、智能化水平，單一形態(tài)的會越來越少。如何在復(fù)雜、多目標、高度集成的系統(tǒng)上進行智能化調(diào)節(jié)和運營，最終取得最高的效率、最大的收益，技術(shù)與商業(yè)模式上的創(chuàng)新是一道分水嶺，也會是終極玩家們追求的目標。

More and more hardcore industrial and commercial energy storage, finally about to take off?
If the hot energy storage industry is comparable to the crown on the new energy track, then industrial and commercial energy storage is the crown jewel.

When it comes to energy storage, people are used to paying more attention to the source-side energy storage power station (large storage), discussing topics such as power generation side distribution, utilization, and shared energy storage mode, but in fact, in China, from the perspective of income model and coupling, the growth potential and market opportunities of industrial and commercial energy storage are far more attractive than large savings and household savings.

At present, large reserves account for nearly 90% of the domestic energy storage market, of which about 20% of shared energy storage, and the remaining 10% of the cake is user-side energy storage, including industrial and commercial energy storage and household storage. Foreign countries are completely different, and overseas markets are dominated by user-side energy storage, especially in the United States, Germany, Italy and other countries. In 2022, the growth rate of European household storage will be as high as 71%, with 3.9GWh of new installed capacity, with Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom and Austria ranking in the top four. In particular, the distribution and storage rate of German household photovoltaics is as high as 70%, ranking first in the world.

This is not surprising. In countries with high electricity prices or areas with weak power grid facilities, household energy storage often develops rapidly. Obviously, the domestic electricity prices of Chinese residents are relatively low, and the time of use electricity price policy has not been fully implemented, and the stability of electricity is high, which limits the development space of the household storage market.
In China, industry and commerce have been secretly supporting residents' electricity consumption. The low price of electricity consumption for residents is guaranteed by the "elasticity" of industry and commerce, including transmission and distribution costs, operating expenses, etc., which are shared by industry and commerce. This means that the time of use electricity price policy and peak valley price difference for industrial and commercial electricity will undergo more drastic changes, and the higher operating and profit and loss costs brought by the grid connection of wind and solar new energy will be shared by industry and commerce.
As a result, the business logic of energy storage in the industrial and commercial sector is becoming increasingly "hardcore".
Both for energy storage, industry and commerce are vastly different
As the price difference between peak and valley prices in various parts of China further widens, coupled with a decrease in lithium battery costs, the internal rate of return (IRR) of industrial and commercial energy storage has steadily increased, and the economy is becoming increasingly evident. Industrial and commercial energy storage has become the fastest growing branch of the energy storage track.
On the surface, energy storage systems are composed of batteries, PCS converters, BMS, EMS, and other electrical circuits, as well as protection, monitoring systems, fire protection, etc. However, in reality, there are significant differences in system focus, business logic, and revenue models between source network side energy storage and industrial and commercial energy storage.
The integration of industrial and commercial energy storage is stronger, and the form of energy storage integrated cabinets will be adopted instead of large storage containers. The capacity of industrial and commercial energy storage is relatively smaller because it mainly meets the spontaneous use of photovoltaic energy by enterprise users, reduces electricity costs, and does not participate in grid scheduling. Therefore, the requirements for system control are far lower than those for energy storage on the source network side.
For example, in terms of batteries, industrial and commercial energy storage does not require response speed, but rather focuses on cost and cycle charging and discharging times. Therefore, they are usually energy type batteries rather than power type power batteries, which require participation in power auxiliary services such as frequency regulation and emergency backup, with higher requirements for response time. Energy based batteries are more durable and do not require too high magnification, usually around 2C, making them more like marathon runners, while power based batteries, like sprints, require explosive power. In terms of battery management precision, industrial and commercial energy storage battery systems do not require overly complex and hierarchical management strategies, and some PCS even have the functions of BMS.
Then look at PCS (energy storage converter). The function of industrial and commercial energy storage PCS is much simpler, and it is easier to integrate with the battery system. It is suitable for the series parallel connection requirements of lithium batteries, LEPs, and so on. It is unidirectional charging and discharging, and has stronger adaptability and coupling to distributed Solar inverter. The PCS of Dashu also needs to have primary frequency regulation and fast power response capabilities for power grid support functions. Overall, the industrial and commercial energy storage PCS are smaller and more compact.
The same applies to EMS (Energy Management System). The energy management system for industrial and commercial energy storage belongs to the basic version, focusing on local energy management in the local area network, while the large storage needs to have a power grid scheduling interface, support multiple communication protocols, and meet the complementary energy management and monitoring of source network load storage.
From the perspective of income sources, new energy distribution and storage rely more on smooth grid connection, reducing
Positive stimulus, industrial and commercial energy storage taking off
The energy storage at the source network side is basically a large business, with large capacity and large investment. It is more a minority game of five major and four small power grid companies and power generation enterprises, and it is a typical buyer's market. The realization channel is mainly auxiliary power services, providing backup, peak shaving, frequency modulation, climbing, Moment of inertia, black start and other services.
From the perspective of policy dividends and friendliness, in recent years, the positive incentives for industrial and commercial energy storage have clearly been stronger than those for large-scale storage, mainly due to the promotion of the time of use electricity price policy and the continued widening of peak valley price differences.
In the first half of 2023, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and other regions, including China, have intensively adjusted the time-of-use electricity prices for industry and commerce. At the same time, as summer approaches, they are once again facing the skyrocketing electricity costs caused by last year's high temperature power restrictions and profit and loss electricity price sharing. The installation demand for distributed photovoltaic and industrial and commercial energy storage has further increased. Taking the first quarter of 2023 as an example, 18.13 GW of distributed photovoltaic installations were installed, with industry and commerce accounting for half of the total, while Jiangsu and Zhejiang ranked in the top two.
Moreover, this round of time of use electricity price adjustment focuses on the adjustment of peak and peak electricity prices, further optimizing the division of peak periods, such as increasing the peak period in Sichuan to 2 hours in the morning, allowing industrial and commercial energy storage to achieve two charging and two discharging, improving the economy of energy storage investment; Secondly, there has been an increase in peak electricity prices. For example, the peak electricity prices in Jiangsu, Sichuan, and Beijing have been set at a 20% increase in peak electricity prices, further widening the peak valley price gap and correspondingly increasing energy storage profits.
In addition, the combination of distributed photovoltaics and energy storage in industry and commerce also has a combination of "favorable timing and location". In the whole day period, the Radiant intensity intensity of solar energy is high at noon and the output of photovoltaic power generation is large, but the electricity price is low in this period. The more photovoltaic installed capacity is, the lower the electricity price is at noon, especially in the Spot market. At this point, it is necessary to configure a certain capacity of energy storage to store the large amount of photovoltaic power generated during the afternoon, and move the energy to the peak or peak period in the afternoon. This not only absorbs photovoltaic power generation, but also earns higher price difference profits, or reduces electricity costs during peak periods.
The Energy Chain Research Institute conducted a simple calculation, taking the industrial and commercial energy storage project with a scale of 10MW/20MWH in Zhejiang as an example. Under the original time of use electricity price mechanism of one charging and one discharging, the investment recovery period of energy storage is more than 8 years, and the economy is average. Therefore, the investment intention is low. However, under the new time of use electricity pricing mechanism, according to the June 2023 purchasing price calculation for industrial and commercial users released by State Grid Zhejiang, the peak electricity price is 1.71 yuan/kWh, the peak electricity price is 1.43 yuan/kWh, the low valley electricity price is 0.46 yuan/kWh, and the maximum price difference between peak and valley is 1.25 yuan. The cost can be recovered within 4-5 years.
If it is a single peak valley price difference arbitrage industrial and commercial energy storage project, the LCOE cost is a lifeline. With a peak valley price difference of 0.7 yuan/degree, the IRR can reach 9.82%. At this time, investing in energy storage is feasible.
It can be foreseen that with the promotion of the time of use electricity price policy in various provinces and cities, more and more industrial and commercial energy storage will enter provinces and regions with positive profits, which will stimulate the enthusiasm of more energy storage projects in the market. Industrial and commercial energy storage will become an emergency backup for domestic enterprises, maintain normal operation, and reduce electricity consumption