光伏發(fā)電坑人？在這個(gè)光伏普及的時(shí)代，這樣的質(zhì)疑未必?zé)o因。光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的組成部分眾多，其中的哪一點(diǎn)出了問(wèn)題，都可能影響整體效率，從而導(dǎo)致收益降低。那么到底光伏發(fā)電怎么樣才是坑人呢？如何規(guī)避？以下是五個(gè)常見(jiàn)的“坑人”之處。

一、光伏支架

光伏支架是光伏電站系統(tǒng)中為了擺放、安裝、固定光伏電池板而設(shè)計(jì)的特殊的支架。設(shè)計(jì)不充分的支架遇到強(qiáng)風(fēng)時(shí)，容易發(fā)生支架傾覆、組件散落損毀。

好的支架鋼結(jié)構(gòu)厚度符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求 ，熱鍍鋅材料或者優(yōu)質(zhì)鋁合金材料，基本厚度等于或大于2.2mm，抗腐蝕性和抗風(fēng)性能強(qiáng)，也能保證25年的使用壽命。而便宜的支架可能連2mm厚度都沒(méi)有，抗腐蝕性和抗風(fēng)性能差，且光伏系統(tǒng)常年在外風(fēng)吹日曬，支架腐蝕造成光伏組件墜落，將得不償失;即使組件沒(méi)掉，但腐蝕的支架會(huì)造成組件傾角發(fā)生變化，減少系統(tǒng)發(fā)電量，從而導(dǎo)致收益受損。

二、光伏電纜

光伏線(xiàn)纜需有耐氣候、耐高溫、耐摩擦等特性，并且具有超長(zhǎng)的使用壽命。光伏線(xiàn)纜因其特殊性能成本很高，若選擇普通線(xiàn)纜來(lái)替代，這種線(xiàn)纜用在光伏系統(tǒng)中保護(hù)層兩三年就腐蝕了，導(dǎo)致線(xiàn)纜內(nèi)部銅絲暴露，很容易造成漏電，甚至引發(fā)火災(zāi)。

三、光伏組件

光伏組件是光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)中的核心部分，光伏組件的質(zhì)量好壞直接影響了使用壽命的長(zhǎng)短和收益的高低。差的背板材料耐候性差，直接影響組件的使用壽命。如邊框材料強(qiáng)度不夠，可能直接造成光伏板陣在強(qiáng)風(fēng)時(shí)邊框脫落或撕裂。

如何識(shí)別電站組件好壞：

首先，要看組件的供應(yīng)商 ，是不是行業(yè)主流品牌，一般大品牌的質(zhì)保和售后服務(wù)是有保障的。其次，看電池片串焊的時(shí)候有沒(méi)有漏焊，還有背面承壓的質(zhì)量 ，承壓有沒(méi)有不平整的情況，或是氣泡，褶皺等。以及邊框質(zhì)量，是不是嚴(yán)格成矩形，誤差不能太大。

四、光伏逆變器

逆變器是將直流電能變換成交流電能的中介。逆變器的質(zhì)量好壞決定了電能轉(zhuǎn)換效率的高低。逆變器是光伏系統(tǒng)中較容易出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題的設(shè)備之一，一定要購(gòu)買(mǎi)正規(guī)廠家的優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品，才能確保穩(wěn)定長(zhǎng)期發(fā)電 。日常維護(hù)也要注意通風(fēng)散熱，避免潮濕和過(guò)于封閉的環(huán)境。品質(zhì)好、效率高的逆變器可以使光伏系統(tǒng)的發(fā)電量更高，像這種一線(xiàn)逆變器品牌轉(zhuǎn)換效率都在98%以上;而品質(zhì)不好、效率低的逆變器則會(huì)減損系統(tǒng)發(fā)電量，這些逆變器轉(zhuǎn)換效率大多只有95%甚至更低。

五、光伏并網(wǎng)箱

好的并網(wǎng)箱比質(zhì)量不好的可能貴到500塊錢(qián)一臺(tái)。但兩者有什么差別呢?好的并網(wǎng)箱能保證產(chǎn)品符合電網(wǎng)要求，而質(zhì)量不好的并網(wǎng)箱，可能沒(méi)有檢有壓合閘和欠失壓脫扣功能或者質(zhì)量差失靈，這會(huì)造成反送電——即電網(wǎng)停電的情況下，萬(wàn)一逆變器質(zhì)量也不好，光伏系統(tǒng)仍然帶電工作，就有可能造成光伏系統(tǒng)的電反送給電網(wǎng)，萬(wàn)一此時(shí)電網(wǎng)上有工作人員在檢修，則可能造成觸電事故，嚴(yán)重的造成人員傷亡。

其次是電器質(zhì)量差，失火、損毀現(xiàn)象多，安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大。并網(wǎng)計(jì)量配電箱內(nèi)必須有市電和光伏發(fā)電隔離開(kāi)關(guān)(閘刀開(kāi)關(guān))、(自復(fù)式)過(guò)欠壓保護(hù)器、浪涌保護(hù)器(避雷器)、漏電保護(hù)開(kāi)關(guān)(負(fù)荷開(kāi)關(guān))、接地裝置。

判斷光伏系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)劣：

第一，對(duì)系統(tǒng)外觀進(jìn)行檢查，如組件、陣列、并網(wǎng)箱等，如發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題、組件損壞、遮擋、灰塵等，可以采取相應(yīng)措施及時(shí)解決;

第二，檢查電站建設(shè)承包單位采用的系統(tǒng)部件是否具備質(zhì)量認(rèn)證證書(shū)。

第三，要求對(duì)系統(tǒng)的安全性進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)試，如接地連續(xù)性、絕緣性、是否具有防雷設(shè)置等，如有問(wèn)題，應(yīng)讓電站建設(shè)單位及時(shí)解決。

無(wú)論是夸夸其談還是樸實(shí)無(wú)華，事關(guān)收益與安全，根本上還是光伏電站的質(zhì)量問(wèn)題，把控好這一點(diǎn)，便可在本質(zhì)上規(guī)避坑人之局。

Photovoltaic power pit people? In this era of photovoltaic popularization, such doubts may not be without cause. There are many components of a photovoltaic power generation system, and any one of them that goes wrong can affect the overall efficiency, resulting in lower revenues. So how is photovoltaic power generation a pit man? How to circumvent? Here are five common "pit people" points. First, photovoltaic bracket
Photovoltaic bracket is a special bracket designed for placement, installation and fixing of photovoltaic panels in photovoltaic power plant systems. When the bracket with insufficient design encounters strong wind, it is easy to overturn the bracket and scatter and damage the components.

Good bracket steel structure thickness meets the standard requirements, hot-dip galvanized material or high-quality aluminum alloy material, the basic thickness is equal to or greater than 2.2mm, strong corrosion resistance and wind resistance, but also can ensure a service life of 25 years. The cheap bracket may not even have a thickness of 2mm, poor corrosion resistance and wind resistance, and the photovoltaic system is exposed to the wind and sun outside all year round, and the corrosion of the bracket causes the photovoltaic module to fall, which will not be worth the loss; Even if the component is not lost, the corroded bracket can cause the inclination of the module to change, reducing the power generated by the system, resulting in lost revenue.

Second, photovoltaic cable
Photovoltaic cables need to have weather, high temperature, friction and other characteristics, and have a long service life. Photovoltaic cable because of its special performance cost is very high, if you choose ordinary cable to replace, this cable is used in the photovoltaic system protective layer for two or three years corroded, resulting in the internal copper wire of the cable is exposed, it is easy to cause leakage, and even cause fire.

Third, photovoltaic modules
PV modules are the core part of the photovoltaic power generation system, and the quality of PV modules directly affects the length of service life and the level of income. Poor backsheet material has poor weather resistance, which directly affects the service life of the component. If the strength of the frame material is not enough, it may directly cause the frame to fall off or tear when the photovoltaic panel array is strong wind.

How to identify the quality of power station components:
First of all, it depends on the supplier of the component, whether it is a mainstream brand in the industry, and the warranty and after-sales service of the general big brand are guaranteed. Secondly, look at whether there is leakage welding during the string welding of the battery sheet, as well as the quality of the pressure on the back, whether there is unevenness in the pressure, or bubbles, folds, etc. As well as the quality of the border, whether it is strictly rectangular, the error cannot be too large.

Fourth, photovoltaic inverter

The inverter is the intermediary that converts DC energy into AC energy. The quality of the inverter determines the efficiency of power conversion. The inverter is one of the more problematic equipment in the photovoltaic system, and it is necessary to purchase high-quality products from regular manufacturers to ensure stable long-term power generation. Daily maintenance should also pay attention to ventilation and heat dissipation, avoid humidity and too closed environment. Inverters with good quality and high efficiency can make the power generation of the photovoltaic system higher, and the conversion efficiency of first-line inverter brands like this is more than 98%; Inverters with poor quality and low efficiency will reduce the power generation of the system, and most of these inverters have a conversion efficiency of only 95% or even lower.

5. Photovoltaic grid-connected box
A good grid-connected box may be as expensive as 500 yuan a piece than a poor quality box. But what's the difference? A good grid-connected box can ensure that the product meets the requirements of the power grid, and the poor quality grid-connected box, may not have a pressure closing and under-voltage trip function or poor quality failure, which will cause reverse transmission - that is, in the case of power grid failure, in case the quality of the inverter is not good, the photovoltaic system is still live work, it may cause the photovoltaic system to be sent back to the grid, in case there are staff on the power grid at this time, it may cause electric shock accidents, serious casualties.

Secondly, the quality of electrical appliances is poor, there are many fires and damages, and the safety risks are large. There must be mains and photovoltaic power generation disconnectors (gate switches), (self-restorative) over-undervoltage protectors, surge protectors (lightning arresters), leakage protection switches (load switches), and grounding devices in the grid-connected metering distribution box.

Judge the advantages and disadvantages of photovoltaic systems:
First, check the appearance of the system, such as components, arrays, grid-connected boxes, etc., such as finding problems, component damage, occlusion, dust, etc., you can take corresponding measures to solve them in time;

Second, check whether the system components used by the power station construction contractor have quality certification certificates.

Third, it is required to conduct on-site tests on the safety of the system, such as grounding continuity, insulation, whether it has lightning protection settings, etc., if there is a problem, the power station construction unit should be allowed to solve it in time.

Whether it is rhetoric or unpretentious, it is related to income and safety, and it is fundamentally a quality problem of photovoltaic power plants, and controlling this can essentially avoid the situation of pit people.