根據(jù)國家統(tǒng)一部署，7月中旬全國碳排放權(quán)交易市場在上海環(huán)境能源交易所正式啟動，全球最大的碳交易市場誕生。
什么是碳定價？什么是碳排放交易市場？碳交易市場現(xiàn)在國內(nèi)外構(gòu)建格局是什么？國家如何實施碳排放權(quán)配額分配？碳交易是如何運行的？
企業(yè)如何實現(xiàn)節(jié)能減排？同方智慧節(jié)能產(chǎn)業(yè)如何助力“碳達峰 碳中和?
1..什么是碳定價？   什么是碳排放交易市場？
近些年來，隨著全球變暖問題日益受到重視，世界各國都開始進行控制溫室氣體排放，并制定相關(guān)政策；本著“誰污染誰付費”，原則；碳定價機制就產(chǎn)生了，這種定價方式有助于企業(yè)實現(xiàn)低碳轉(zhuǎn)型，降低供應(yīng)鏈碳排放，推動可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標的實現(xiàn)。碳定價向排放者提供經(jīng)濟信號，并允許他們決定改變其活動并降低其排放量，或繼續(xù)排放但同時為其排放量付錢。通過這種方式，可以以最靈活，成本最低的方式實現(xiàn)全球環(huán)境目標。
◆碳定價機制一般分為兩種：1)政府強制型手段，就是開征碳稅；2)通過市場手段，也就是建立碳排放權(quán)交易體系。
此次全國碳排放權(quán)交易市場就是通過市場手段來實現(xiàn)“碳達峰 碳中和”。
2..碳交易市場,     現(xiàn)在國內(nèi)外構(gòu)建格局是什么？
全球碳交易市場源于《京都議定書》中提出的清潔發(fā)展機制（Clean Development Mechanism,CDM）。國外碳交易市場發(fā)展較早，2003年左右，美國、日本、澳大利亞、歐盟相繼建立碳交易市場，迄今為止國外的碳交易市場在不斷的改革中發(fā)展。2002年，我國成為CDM參與方，2016年成功注冊CDM項目3883個，占全球64%。2017年全國碳交易市場正式啟動，這是我國加快步伐邁入"低碳時代”的標志，截止到2020年底，全國8個試點碳市場的累計配額成交量達到4.55億噸二氧化碳當量，累計成交額超過105億元。2021年7月全球最大的碳交易市場誕生。從國家體量和市場前景看未來我國的碳交易市場還有更加廣闊的發(fā)展空間。.國家如何實施碳排放權(quán)配額分配？
     碳交易是如何運行的？碳交易理論基礎(chǔ)其實是源于科斯定理，科斯定理的目的之一是討論如何解決外部性問題。
通常情況下，政府確定一個碳排放總額，并根據(jù)一定規(guī)則將碳排放配額分配至企業(yè)。碳交易市場把二氧化碳碳排放權(quán)作為商品進行貨幣交易；那么具體是如何交易的呢？
舉個例子：A企業(yè)和B企業(yè)2021年初始配額量為100萬噸，到年底后進行碳排量計算，A企業(yè)實際排放量為80萬噸，B企業(yè)實際排放量為115萬噸，按照全年初始配額換算，A企業(yè)2021年初始配額剩下的20萬噸可以在全國碳排放權(quán)交易市場賣給全年排放量超標的B企業(yè)，這樣就形成了碳交易。
上述例子中對于B企業(yè)來講如何優(yōu)化碳排放量，實現(xiàn)碳排放量低于初始配額是亟需解決的問題！
3..企業(yè)如何實現(xiàn)節(jié)能減排？具體措施如下：
1.)管理措施：建立健全企業(yè)內(nèi)部能耗指標管理制度、節(jié)能減碳指標體系，嚴格執(zhí)行考評機制；
2)節(jié)能新技術(shù)應(yīng)用：推廣應(yīng)用節(jié)能新技術(shù)、新設(shè)備、新工藝等，提高生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)能源利用率；重視廢氣、廢熱資源的再利用，如余熱余壓發(fā)電、余熱制冷/供暖等，提高綜合能源利用率；
3)調(diào)整能源結(jié)構(gòu)：如傳統(tǒng)熱力公司以燃煤鍋爐為主逐漸過渡到工業(yè)余熱、熱泵以及核能供熱等；
4)信息技術(shù)手段：利用“物聯(lián)網(wǎng)”、“云平臺”、“大數(shù)據(jù)”“人工智能”等信息技術(shù)用于能源消耗的各個環(huán)節(jié)的監(jiān)控和自動調(diào)節(jié)，實現(xiàn)用能環(huán)節(jié)精確控制，避免浪費，達到整體節(jié)能減碳的目的。
4..同方智慧節(jié)能產(chǎn)業(yè) 融合發(fā)展，助力“碳達峰 碳中和”綠色發(fā)展已經(jīng)成為經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展的全新戰(zhàn)略，雙碳目標下，能源綠色低碳轉(zhuǎn)型升級也隨之迎來了新機遇與更廣闊的市場。
同方智慧節(jié)能產(chǎn)業(yè)本部致力于智慧、綠色、健康的新型城市化科技服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群。雙能驅(qū)動，構(gòu)建完善的綠色節(jié)能體系。有效節(jié)約城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的能源消耗并節(jié)省社會資源，提高城市管理的運行效率。為國節(jié)能，為民節(jié)資。同方智慧節(jié)能產(chǎn)業(yè)智慧供熱服務(wù) 城市集中供熱超過14億平米，實施熱泵清潔供暖面積超過4億平米，年平均節(jié)約標煤750萬噸，減少二氧化碳排放量1950萬噸！

According to the unified national plan, the national carbon emission trading market was officially launched in the Shanghai Environment and Energy Exchange in mid-July, marking the birth of the world's largest carbon trading market.

What is carbon pricing?What is an emissions trading market?What is the structure of carbon trading market at home and abroad?How does the country implement carbon emission quota allocation? How does carbon trading work?

How can enterprises achieve energy conservation and emission reduction?How does Tongfang smart energy saving industry contribute to "carbon peak carbon neutrality"?

1..What is carbon pricing?What is an emissions trading market?

In recent years, with the increasing attention to global warming, countries all over the world began to control greenhouse gas emissions and formulate relevant policies. In line with the principle of "he who pollutes pays";The carbon pricing mechanism has emerged, which helps enterprises to achieve low-carbon transformation, reduce the carbon emissions of supply chain, and promote the realization of sustainable development goals. Carbon pricing provides economic signals to emitters and allows them to decide to change their activities and reduce their emissions, or to continue emitting while paying for their emissions. In this way, global environmental goals can be achieved in the most flexible and cost-effective manner.

◆ Carbon pricing mechanisms are generally divided into two types: 1) government coercive means, that is, carbon tax;2) Through market means, namely the establishment of carbon emission trading system.

The national carbon emission trading market is to achieve "carbon peak carbon neutrality" through market means.

2..What is the structure of carbon trading market at home and abroad?

The global carbon market grew out of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) set out in the Kyoto Protocol.Foreign carbon trading markets developed earlier. Around 2003, the United States, Japan, Australia and the European Union established carbon trading markets one after another. So far, foreign carbon trading markets have been developing in constant reform. In 2002, China became a CDM participant. In 2016, 3,883 CDM projects were successfully registered, accounting for 64% of the global total.In 2017, the national carbon trading market was officially launched, which is a sign that China is stepping up its pace into the "low-carbon era". By the end of 2020, the accumulative trading volume of quota in the eight pilot carbon markets reached 455 million tons of CARBON dioxide equivalent, and the accumulative trading volume exceeded 10.5 billion yuan. The world's largest carbon trading market was launched in July 2021.From the perspective of national size and market prospect, China's carbon trading market has a broader space for development in the future. How does the country implement carbon emission quota allocation?

How does carbon trading work?The theoretical basis of carbon trading is actually derived from coase theorem. One of the purposes of Coase theorem is to discuss how to solve the problem of externalities.

Usually, the government sets a carbon emission total and allocates quotas to companies according to certain rules.Carbon trading market takes carbon dioxide emission right as commodity and carries on currency trading. So how exactly does it work?

Here's an example:The initial quota of Enterprise A and Enterprise B in 2021 is 1 million tons. After the carbon emission calculation at the end of the year, the actual emission of Enterprise A is 800,000 tons, and that of enterprise B is 1.15 million tons. Based on the annual initial quota conversion, The remaining 200,000 tons of enterprise A's initial quota in 2021 can be sold in the national carbon emission trading market to Enterprise B whose annual emissions exceed the standard, thus forming carbon trading.

For enterprise B in the above example, how to optimize the carbon emission and realize the carbon emission lower than the initial quota is an urgent problem to be solved!

3..How can enterprises achieve energy conservation and emission reduction? Specific measures are as follows:

1.) Management measures: establish and improve the enterprise's internal energy consumption index management system, energy saving and carbon reduction index system, and strictly implement the evaluation mechanism;

2) Application of new energy-saving technology: promote the application of new energy-saving technology, new equipment, new process, etc., to improve the energy utilization rate of production links; Pay attention to the reuse of waste gas and waste heat resources, such as waste heat and pressure power generation, waste heat refrigeration/heating, etc., to improve the comprehensive energy utilization rate;

3) Adjust the energy structure: for example, traditional thermal power companies are gradually transitioning from coal-fired boilers to industrial waste heat, heat pumps and nuclear energy heating;

4) Information technology means: Information technologies such as "Internet of Things", "cloud platform", "big data" and "artificial intelligence" are used for monitoring and automatic adjustment of all links of energy consumption to achieve accurate control of energy consumption links, avoid waste and achieve the purpose of overall energy saving and carbon reduction.

4..It has become a new strategy for economic and social development to promote the "carbon peak and carbon neutral" green development through the integrated development of smart energy saving industry in Tongfang. Under the dual carbon goal, the green and low-carbon energy transformation and upgrading will also usher in new opportunities and a broader market.

Tongfang Smart Energy Conservation Industry headquarters is committed to smart, green and healthy new urbanization science and technology service industry cluster. Double energy drive, build a perfect green energy saving system.Effectively save the energy consumption of urban infrastructure and save social resources to improve the operational efficiency of urban management. Save energy for the country, save capital for the people.Tongfang smart energy saving industry smart heating service City central heating over 1.4 billion square meters, the implementation of heat pump clean heating area over 400 million square meters, saving 7.5 million tons of standard coal, reducing 19.5 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions annually!