太陽能光伏發(fā)電板的工作原理和轉(zhuǎn)換效率講解
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發(fā)布日期： 2022.06.30
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一、太陽能發(fā)電板
太陽能發(fā)電板由單晶硅電子和多晶硅電子等組成。當(dāng)然單晶硅好于多晶硅，價(jià)格也偏貴一些。見圖①
圖①太陽能發(fā)電板(大小功率)
二、太陽能電池板的光譜響應(yīng)
圖②
圖②硅太陽電池的光譜響應(yīng)曲線
從上圖曲線可以看出: 硅太陽能的光譜響應(yīng)范圍很寬，從可見光到紅外光，尤其是在近紅外范圍靈敏度比較高。
它在太陽光照射的情況下收集形成電流到外電路，驅(qū)動(dòng)電器(負(fù)載)。見圖③
圖③太陽能光伏電池工作原理圖
三、太陽能光伏電池的轉(zhuǎn)換效率
1、太陽能電池能直接將太陽能轉(zhuǎn)換為電能，決定其性能的參數(shù)很多，幾個(gè)重要參數(shù)分別是開路電壓Voc、短路電流丨sc、最大輸出功率點(diǎn)電壓(也稱工作電壓)Vmaⅹ、最大輸出功率點(diǎn)電流(也稱工作電流)丨mαx、填充因子F.F.和轉(zhuǎn)換效率η，這些參數(shù)是在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測試情況下得到的。
2、太陽能電池的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測試條件為AM1.5，輻照光強(qiáng)為: 1000W/m2，25℃時(shí)，即: 在海平面上，太陽在正午時(shí)垂直照射到1m2面積的光伏電池板的功率是1Kw。形象地說，如果將太陽光伏電池鋪滿在1m2面積上，當(dāng)太陽光伏電池的轉(zhuǎn)換率是15%時(shí)，其輸出功率就達(dá)到150W。目前太陽電池轉(zhuǎn)換效率一般在17%一18%左右。但有的國家已研究出轉(zhuǎn)換效率到25%一35%，還待普及。雖然地面的光譜輻照度隨時(shí)隨地都在變化，但還是有規(guī)律的。
3、國際電工委會規(guī)定了AM1.5條件下的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)太陽光譜輻照度P1.5。不僅括AM1.5條件下的直接輻射，還包括散射輻射，是該條件下太陽光譜總輻射分布。
四、太陽能光伏電池板的壽命
一塊太陽能光伏板是按低鐵鋼化玻璃或其它透明蓋板、再加上玻璃纖維的順序封裝，后面蓋以TPT材料做成的。用上述工藝制造的太陽能光伏組件，大多能在野外潮濕惡劣和太陽曝曬的環(huán)境下工作壽命可達(dá)20年以上。
1、 Solar panel
The solar power generation panel is composed of monocrystalline silicon electrons and polycrystalline silicon electrons. Of course, monocrystalline silicon is better than polycrystalline silicon, and the price is more expensive. See
figure ①
Explanation of working principle and conversion efficiency of solar photovoltaic power generation panel
Figure ① solar panel (large and small power)
2、 Spectral response of solar panels
Figure ②
Explanation of working
principle and conversion efficiency of solar photovoltaic power generation panel
Fig. ② spectral response curve of silicon solar cell
It can be seen from the curve above that the spectral response range of silicon solar energy is very wide,
from visible light to infrared light, especially in the near-infrared range.
It collects and forms current to the external circuit to drive the electric appliance (load) under the sunlight. See figure ③
Explanation of working principle and conversion
efficiency of solar photovoltaic power generation panel
Figure ③ working principle diagram of solar photovoltaic cell
3、 Conversion efficiency of solar photovoltaic cells
1. Solar cells can directly convert solar energy into electric energy.
There are many parameters that determine their performance. Several important parameters are open circuit voltage VOC, short circuit current 1sc, maximum output power point voltage (also known as working voltage) VMA x, and maximum output power point
current (also known as working current) M α x. Fill factor F.F. and conversion efficiency η， These parameters are obtained under standard test conditions.
2. The standard test condition for solar cells is AM1.5. The irradiation light intensity is
1000w/m2. At 25 ℃, that is, on the sea level, the power of 1m2 photovoltaic panels vertically irradiated by the sun at noon is 1kW. Figuratively speaking, if the solar photovoltaic cells are spread over an area of 1m2, when the conversion rate of the
solar photovoltaic cells is 15%, the output power will reach 150W. At present, the conversion efficiency of solar cells is generally about 17-18%. However, some countries have studied the conversion efficiency to 25-35%, which needs to be popularized.
Although the spectral irradiance of the ground is changing anytime and anywhere, it is still regular.
3. IEC has stipulated the standard solar spectral irradiance P1.5 under the condition of AM1.5. It includes not only the direct radiation under
AM1.5, but also the scattered radiation, which is the total radiation distribution of the solar spectrum under this condition.
4、 Service life of solar photovoltaic panels
A solar photovoltaic panel is packaged in the order of low-iron tempered
glass or other transparent cover plate, plus glass fiber, and the back cover is made of TPT material. Most of the solar PV modules manufactured by the above process can work for more than 20 years in the wet and harsh outdoor environment and the sun exposure
environment.
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