什么是“碳配額”？所謂“碳排放權(quán)”，是指企業(yè)依法取得向大氣排放溫室氣體（二氧化碳等）的權(quán)利。而“碳配額”則是指經(jīng)政府主管部門核定，企業(yè)所獲得的，一定時(shí)期內(nèi)向大氣中排放的溫室氣體（以二氧化碳當(dāng)量計(jì)）的總量。
2.配額的分配模式：配額分配一般有三種模式：拍賣、免費(fèi)分配、混合模式。拍賣：政府通過拍賣的形式讓企業(yè)有償?shù)孬@得配額，政府不需要事前決定每一家企業(yè)應(yīng)該獲得的配額量，拍賣的價(jià)格和各個(gè)企業(yè)的配額分配過程由市場自發(fā)形成。免費(fèi)分配：政府將碳排放總量通過一定的計(jì)算方法免費(fèi)分配給企業(yè)?；旌夏Ｊ剑簭膰H經(jīng)驗(yàn)來看，大部分碳交易體系都沒有采取純粹的拍賣或純粹的免費(fèi)分配，而是采用配額分配到第三種模式即“混合模式”?；旌夏Ｊ郊瓤梢噪S時(shí)間逐步提高拍賣的比例，即“漸進(jìn)混合模式”，也可以針對不同行業(yè)采用不同的分配方法。3.配額免費(fèi)分配方法免費(fèi)配額分配方式中，最具代表性的是歷史總量法、歷史強(qiáng)度法、基準(zhǔn)線法。歷史總量法：歷史總量法以企業(yè)過去的碳排放數(shù)據(jù)為依據(jù)進(jìn)行分配。通常選取企業(yè)過去3~5年的二氧化碳排放量得出該企業(yè)的年均歷史排放量，而這一數(shù)字就是企業(yè)下一年度可得的排放配額。歷史總量法對數(shù)據(jù)要求較低，方法簡單，但忽視了企業(yè)在碳交易體系之前已采取的減排行為，同時(shí)企業(yè)還有可能在市場機(jī)制的影響下采取進(jìn)一步減排行為。
     歷史強(qiáng)度法：以企業(yè)歷史碳排放為基礎(chǔ)，并通過在其后乘以多項(xiàng)調(diào)整因子將多種因素考慮在內(nèi)的一種計(jì)算方法，如前期減排獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)、減排潛力、對清潔技術(shù)的鼓勵(lì)、行業(yè)增長趨勢等。歷史強(qiáng)度法是要求企業(yè)年度碳排放強(qiáng)度比自身的歷史碳排放強(qiáng)度有所降低。
     基準(zhǔn)線法：將不同企業(yè)（設(shè)施）同種產(chǎn)品的單位產(chǎn)品碳排放量按順序從小到大排列，選擇其中前10%作為基準(zhǔn)線（10%為假設(shè)比例，不代表具體行業(yè)），每個(gè)企業(yè)（設(shè)施）獲得的配額量等于其產(chǎn)量乘以基準(zhǔn)線值。對于數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)好、產(chǎn)品單一、可比性較強(qiáng)的行業(yè)可采用基于基準(zhǔn)線法分配，如發(fā)電行業(yè)、電解鋁等。
What is a carbon quota?The so-called "carbon emission right" refers to the right of enterprises to legally emit greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, etc.) into the atmosphere. The "carbon quota" refers to the total amount of greenhouse gases (in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent) discharged into the atmosphere for a certain period of time by enterprises approved by the competent government departments.

2. Allocation mode of quota: There are generally three modes of quota allocation: auction, free allocation and mixed mode.Auction: the government allows enterprises to obtain quotas in the form of auction with compensation. The government does not need to decide the quota amount that each enterprise should obtain in advance. The auction price and the quota allocation process of each enterprise are spontaneously formed by the market. Free distribution: the government allocates the total amount of carbon emissions to enterprises for free through a certain calculation method.Mixed mode: From international experience, most carbon trading systems do not adopt pure auction or pure free distribution, but adopt quota allocation to the third mode, namely "mixed mode". The mixed model can either gradually increase the proportion of auctions over time, known as a "progressive mixed model", or it can use different allocation methods for different industries. 3. Free quota allocation method Among the free quota allocation methods, the most representative ones are historical total amount method, historical intensity method and base line method. Historical aggregate method: The historical aggregate method allocates data based on past carbon emissions of enterprises. Usually, the annual average historical emissions of the enterprise are obtained by selecting the carbon dioxide emissions of the enterprise in the past 3-5 years, and this figure is the emission quota of the enterprise in the next year. The historical aggregate method has low data requirements and simple methods, but it ignores the emission reduction behaviors that enterprises have taken before the carbon trading system, and enterprises may take further emission reduction behaviors under the influence of the market mechanism.

Historical intensity method: A calculation method that takes into account a variety of factors, such as early emission reduction incentives, emission reduction potential, incentives for clean technologies, industry growth trends, etc., based on an enterprise's historical carbon emissions and then multiplied by a number of adjustment factors. The historical intensity method requires that the annual carbon emission intensity of an enterprise is lower than its own historical carbon emission intensity.

Baseline method

What is a carbon quota?The so-called "carbon emission right" refers to the right of enterprises to legally emit greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, etc.) into the atmosphere. The "carbon quota" refers to the total amount of greenhouse gases (in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent) discharged into the atmosphere for a certain period of time by enterprises approved by the competent government departments.

2. Allocation mode of quota: There are generally three modes of quota allocation: auction, free allocation and mixed mode.Auction: the government allows enterprises to obtain quotas in the form of auction with compensation. The government does not need to decide the quota amount that each enterprise should obtain in advance. The auction price and the quota allocation process of each enterprise are spontaneously formed by the market. Free distribution: the government allocates the total amount of carbon emissions to enterprises for free through a certain calculation method.Mixed mode: From international experience, most carbon trading systems do not adopt pure auction or pure free distribution, but adopt quota allocation to the third mode, namely "mixed mode". The mixed model can either gradually increase the proportion of auctions over time, known as a "progressive mixed model", or it can use different allocation methods for different industries. 3. Free quota allocation method Among the free quota allocation methods, the most representative ones are historical total amount method, historical intensity method and base line method. Historical aggregate method: The historical aggregate method allocates data based on past carbon emissions of enterprises. Usually, the annual average historical emissions of the enterprise are obtained by selecting the carbon dioxide emissions of the enterprise in the past 3-5 years, and this figure is the emission quota of the enterprise in the next year. The historical aggregate method has low data requirements and simple methods, but it ignores the emission reduction behaviors that enterprises have taken before the carbon trading system, and enterprises may take further emission reduction behaviors under the influence of the market mechanism.

Historical intensity method: A calculation method that takes into account a variety of factors, such as early emission reduction incentives, emission reduction potential, incentives for clean technologies, industry growth trends, etc., based on an enterprise's historical carbon emissions and then multiplied by a number of adjustment factors. The historical intensity method requires that the annual carbon emission intensity of an enterprise is lower than its own historical carbon emission intensity.

Base line method: the carbon emission per unit product of the same product of different enterprises (facilities) is ranked from the smallest to the largest, and the top 10% is selected as the base line (10% is the assumed proportion and does not represent the specific industry). The quota amount obtained by each enterprise (facility) is equal to its output multiplied by the base line value. For industries with good data basis, single product and strong comparability, base-line allocation can be adopted, such as power generation industry and electrolytic aluminum. : The carbon emission per unit product of the same product of different enterprises (facilities) is ranked in descending order, and the top 10% is selected as the base line (10% is the assumed proportion, not representing the specific industry). The quota amount obtained by each enterprise (facility) is equal to its output multiplied by the base line value. For industries with good data basis, single product and strong comparability, base-line allocation can be adopted, such as power generation industry and electrolytic aluminum.