“能耗雙控”下的太陽(yáng)能光伏發(fā)電的機(jī)會(huì)，限電限產(chǎn)、有序用電是雙碳目標(biāo)下“能耗雙控”政策下的重大舉措，也是企業(yè)不得不面臨的現(xiàn)實(shí)課題；隨后一系列政策更使得綠電引發(fā)了前所未有的關(guān)注。在屋頂安裝光伏，不僅能緩解企業(yè)用電壓力，保障企業(yè)生產(chǎn)；還可以帶來(lái)不錯(cuò)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和環(huán)境效益，減少碳排放，為國(guó)家雙碳目標(biāo)作出貢獻(xiàn)。當(dāng)“能耗雙控”遇上光伏，又會(huì)有怎樣的變化和機(jī)遇呢？
一、能耗雙控政策解讀
8月，國(guó)家發(fā)展改革委辦公廳印發(fā)《2021年上半年各地區(qū)能耗雙控目標(biāo)完成情況晴雨表》，顯示有9個(gè)省/區(qū)（青海、寧夏、廣西、廣東、福建、新疆、云南、陜西、江蘇）的能耗強(qiáng)度不降反升，對(duì)這些區(qū)域，今年將暫停國(guó)家規(guī)劃布局的重大項(xiàng)目以外的“兩高“項(xiàng)目節(jié)能審查，并督促各地采取有力措施，確保完成全年能耗雙控目標(biāo)，尤其著重于能耗降低目標(biāo)。
1.1 文件：
9月，國(guó)家發(fā)展改革委關(guān)于印發(fā)《完善能源消費(fèi)強(qiáng)度和總量雙控制度方案》的通知發(fā)改環(huán)資〔2021〕1310號(hào)
1.2 定義：能耗雙控主要指能源消費(fèi)總量和強(qiáng)度。
1.3 意義：持續(xù)提高能源利用效率有利于降低經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展對(duì)能源和碳排放增長(zhǎng)的依賴。能合理控制能源消費(fèi)總量有利于推動(dòng)碳達(dá)峰碳中和目標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)。
1.4 目標(biāo)：到2035年，能源資源優(yōu)化配置、全面節(jié)約制度更加成熟和定型，有力支撐碳排放達(dá)峰后穩(wěn)中有降目標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)。
1.5 機(jī)遇：對(duì)于作為綠色、清潔、無(wú)碳的光伏，有著顯著的政策及其他優(yōu)勢(shì)，光伏行業(yè)成為高附加值行業(yè)。
二、雙控下光伏的優(yōu)勢(shì)
2.1 光伏及時(shí)補(bǔ)位，保障企業(yè)有序生產(chǎn)今年1至6月份，浙江樂(lè)清電網(wǎng)主線路拉閘限電已達(dá)到425次，損失電量455萬(wàn)千瓦時(shí)。當(dāng)前，樂(lè)清全市31個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)有10個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)進(jìn)入黑色、橙色供用電預(yù)警。2021年10月，樂(lè)清市《關(guān)于調(diào)整C級(jí)有序用電方案的通知》里，就已經(jīng)標(biāo)注企業(yè)屋頂光伏發(fā)電不在（全部停止生產(chǎn)用電）控制范圍內(nèi)。同年10月，蘇州工業(yè)園的企業(yè)收到通知，對(duì)獲評(píng)綠色工廠、零碳工廠的企業(yè)予以有序用電豁免。
各地政府能耗雙控指標(biāo)出現(xiàn)預(yù)警的時(shí)候，難免會(huì)加大雙控力度，而光伏起到了“及時(shí)補(bǔ)位”的作用，光伏從某種意義上保障了企業(yè)的用電和生產(chǎn) ，在保障地方工業(yè)企業(yè)電力供應(yīng)。分布式光伏具備供需結(jié)合，就地消納的能力，電站白天工作時(shí)間與企業(yè)用電高峰匹配，能有效減小電網(wǎng)壓力，緩解供電緊張。
2.2 燃煤電價(jià)市場(chǎng)化，助推光伏收益
10月12日國(guó)家發(fā)改委發(fā)布《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步深化燃煤發(fā)電上網(wǎng)電價(jià)市場(chǎng)化改革的通知》， 燃煤發(fā)電上網(wǎng)電量，不再實(shí)行原有政府定價(jià)制度，全部進(jìn)入電力市場(chǎng)。10月25日，江蘇發(fā)改通知中明確說(shuō)明取消江蘇省現(xiàn)行一般工商業(yè)及其它用電、大工業(yè)用電的目錄銷售電價(jià)。
以江蘇10kV大工業(yè)用電為例，取消后高峰（8：00-12：00、17：00-21：00）電價(jià)較目錄電價(jià)小幅下降，平時(shí)段價(jià)格變化不大，低谷時(shí)段電價(jià)較目標(biāo)電價(jià)大幅上漲，峰谷差價(jià)不大；以10kV大工業(yè)目錄電價(jià)為例，自發(fā)自用屋頂分布式光伏以及對(duì)應(yīng)大工業(yè)用戶電網(wǎng)代理電費(fèi)加權(quán)電價(jià)進(jìn)行測(cè)算，不考慮電價(jià)打折，加權(quán)電價(jià)為0.7904元/kWh，取消目錄電價(jià)后，交易購(gòu)電價(jià)格為最高限價(jià)時(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)大工業(yè)用戶電網(wǎng)代理費(fèi)加權(quán)電價(jià)為0.8296元/kwh，較原先上漲5%（考慮到煤炭?jī)r(jià)格上漲，電力供應(yīng)短缺問(wèn)題，交易價(jià)格短期內(nèi)是高于基準(zhǔn)價(jià)的），故抵消這部分的光伏項(xiàng)目在先行電價(jià)上漲的情況下展現(xiàn)出更強(qiáng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)性。
2.3配置儲(chǔ)能時(shí)機(jī)來(lái)臨
2021年11月19日，吳江區(qū)人民政府發(fā)布如下補(bǔ)貼政策：全區(qū)新建及改擴(kuò)建工業(yè)廠房項(xiàng)目，全部建設(shè)屋頂光伏發(fā)電設(shè)施?，F(xiàn)有工業(yè)企業(yè)屋頂面積10000平方米以上，或年綜合能耗1000噸標(biāo)煤（當(dāng)量值）以上，或年用電量200萬(wàn)千瓦時(shí)以上，在滿足荷載條件的前提下，應(yīng)安裝屋頂光伏發(fā)電設(shè)施。鼓勵(lì)裝機(jī)容量2兆瓦以上的光伏項(xiàng)目按照不低于裝機(jī)容量8%的比例配建儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)，支持發(fā)展集中式儲(chǔ)能項(xiàng)目。具體補(bǔ)貼如下：
2.4 碳交易
2.4.1 歸屬通過(guò)能源合同管理，企業(yè)獲得屋頂租金或電價(jià)折扣，投資方獲得電價(jià)收益，但其中碳交易的價(jià)值并沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)，未來(lái)企業(yè)碳排放碳配額指標(biāo)不夠，如果光伏的碳屬性不屬于自己，還需要額外購(gòu)買CCER或者綠電。
2.4.2收益碳交易市在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)場(chǎng)啟動(dòng)后，新能源運(yùn)營(yíng)企業(yè)可通過(guò)出售CCER（國(guó)家核證自愿減排量）而在原有的運(yùn)營(yíng)收益基礎(chǔ)之上獲得額外的收益。其次，新能源運(yùn)營(yíng)企業(yè)的效益通過(guò)碳交易得到提升后，有利于刺激新能源裝備行業(yè)的發(fā)展。按照全國(guó)統(tǒng)一碳交易市場(chǎng)42.21元/噸的收盤(pán)價(jià)來(lái)計(jì)算 ，相當(dāng)于每年能多獲取1.66萬(wàn)元的收益。
三、雙控下的光伏注意點(diǎn)
3.1 光伏安全備受關(guān)注
能耗雙控下電氣安全尤為重要，尤其是企業(yè)迫于大形勢(shì)下要安裝光伏，但是企業(yè)對(duì)于故障監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警能力、設(shè)備防火防爆、系統(tǒng)及時(shí)切出能力要求更高。
安全的信號(hào)或圖像采集：譬如溫度采集，譬如測(cè)溫電纜、無(wú)人機(jī)紅外熱像監(jiān)測(cè)、在一些關(guān)鍵節(jié)點(diǎn)添加一些測(cè)溫PT等；譬如在某安全性能要求較高的屋頂要求布置一些測(cè)溫電纜，測(cè)溫電纜沿光伏組件背面敷設(shè)，每個(gè)測(cè)溫點(diǎn)與光伏板MC4接頭外套緊密連接，每根測(cè)溫電纜有上百個(gè)測(cè)點(diǎn)。這些測(cè)點(diǎn)的溫度數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)實(shí)時(shí)傳輸?shù)奖O(jiān)測(cè)中心，監(jiān)測(cè)中心服務(wù)器對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行儲(chǔ)存、分析，對(duì)異常數(shù)據(jù)推送到相應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)人處。
設(shè)備本身安全特性：逆變器不光監(jiān)測(cè)設(shè)備自身的故障，還可以監(jiān)測(cè)一些來(lái)自系統(tǒng)的故障，譬如AFCI直流拉弧、RCD漏電流、ISO對(duì)地阻抗方面的問(wèn)題。
系統(tǒng)的分?jǐn)嗄芰Γ浩┤缏╇姳Ｗo(hù)開(kāi)關(guān)、RSD關(guān)斷功能等。
3.2 屋頂條件不夠（荷載和防水）
3.2.1防水對(duì)于工業(yè)企業(yè)來(lái)講，光伏發(fā)電獲得的收益遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有自身正常生產(chǎn)運(yùn)營(yíng)重要，因此工業(yè)企業(yè)更注重光伏屋面的防水、節(jié)能及保溫等效果，避免因滲漏而影響正常的生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)、承擔(dān)較大的維修成本，其次才會(huì)關(guān)注光伏屋面發(fā)電能否帶來(lái)收益。故安裝光伏又能修復(fù)屋頂防水的工程特別受到企業(yè)青睞。
3.2.2荷載對(duì)于大多數(shù)屋頂?shù)暮奢d都無(wú)法滿足裝光伏的要求，光伏投資商尤其是整縣開(kāi)發(fā)的企業(yè)，荷載加固方面所需的費(fèi)用非常高并且加大了施工難度和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
檁條增加隅撐加固方案
辦法：荷載加固單獨(dú)評(píng)估費(fèi)用或者采取電價(jià)少打折的方式
3.3 光伏電能質(zhì)量
分布式光伏發(fā)電的接入，加大了其所在區(qū)域的負(fù)荷預(yù)測(cè)難度，改變了既有的負(fù)荷增長(zhǎng)模式，使配電網(wǎng)的改造和管理變得尤為復(fù)雜。除此之外，對(duì)不平衡度、諧波、閃變等電能參數(shù)有影響并且影響繼電保護(hù)的配置，一般并網(wǎng)光伏配置電能質(zhì)量在線監(jiān)測(cè)裝置。
并網(wǎng)逆變器要遵循NB/T32004-2013《光伏發(fā)電并網(wǎng)逆變器技術(shù)規(guī)范》。并網(wǎng)點(diǎn)裝設(shè)滿足IEC61000-4-30《電磁兼容第4-30部分試驗(yàn)和測(cè)量技術(shù)電能質(zhì)量》。
通過(guò)這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范，來(lái)降低光伏發(fā)電對(duì)于電能質(zhì)量的影響。
四、小結(jié)在雙控的背景下，光伏起到了“及時(shí)補(bǔ)位”的作用，從而保障了企業(yè)的用電和生產(chǎn) 。
1、由于燃煤電價(jià)市場(chǎng)化，進(jìn)一步助推了光伏收益。
2、儲(chǔ)能成為雙控下的未來(lái)3~5年一個(gè)高性價(jià)比的解決方案。
3、碳交易使得光伏在原有的運(yùn)營(yíng)收益基礎(chǔ)之上獲得額外的收益。
4、企業(yè)對(duì)光伏電站的安全性能提出了更高的要求。
5、對(duì)于一些屋頂安裝條件不佳的用戶，需要重點(diǎn)考慮防水及荷載。
6、對(duì)于一些電能質(zhì)量要求高的企業(yè)，需要注意設(shè)計(jì)及設(shè)備選型。

The opportunity of solar photovoltaic power generation under the "double control of energy consumption", power limit and production limit, orderly use of electricity is a major measure under the "double control of energy consumption" policy under the double carbon goal, but also the practical subject that enterprises have to face;   Subsequently, a series of policies have brought unprecedented attention to green electricity.  Installing pv on the roof can not only relieve the power consumption pressure of enterprises, but also ensure the production of enterprises.   It can also bring good economic and environmental benefits, reduce carbon emissions, and contribute to the national dual carbon goals.  When "energy consumption dual control" meets photovoltaic, what changes and opportunities will there be?  

I. Interpretation of double control policy of energy consumption  

In August, the General Office of the National Development and Reform Commission issued the Barometer of Achieving dual Energy Consumption Control targets by Region in the first Half of 2021, which showed that energy intensity in nine provinces/regions (Qinghai, Ningxia, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Shaanxi and Jiangsu) increased instead of decreasing. For these regions,   This year, we will suspend the review of energy conservation for projects with high energy consumption, high energy consumption, and high energy consumption except for major projects that are planned by the state, and urge local governments to take effective measures to ensure that the annual targets for controlling energy consumption are met, with particular emphasis on reducing energy consumption.  

1.1 file:  

In September, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) issued a circular, No. 1310, on improving the Dual Control Scheme of Energy Consumption Intensity and Total Volume  

1.2 Definition: Dual control of energy consumption mainly refers to the total amount and intensity of energy consumption.  

1.3 Significance: Continuously improving energy use efficiency is conducive to reducing the dependence of economic and social development on energy and carbon emission growth.   Reasonable control of total energy consumption is conducive to the realization of carbon peak and carbon neutrality.  

1.4 Target: By 2035, the optimal allocation of energy and resources and the comprehensive conservation system will be more mature and established, which will strongly support the realization of the goal of stable and declining carbon emissions after peaking.  

1.5 Opportunity: As a green, clean and carbon-free photovoltaic industry, it has significant policy and other advantages, and the photovoltaic industry has become a high value-added industry.  

Two, the advantages of double control photovoltaic  

From January to June this year, zhejiang Yueqing Power grid's main line has reached 425 times of switch-off and power limit, with a loss of 4.55 million KWH of electricity.   At present, yueqing city 31 towns have 10 towns into the black, orange power supply warning.  In October 2021, Yueqing City "On the adjustment of THE C-class orderly power consumption plan" in the notice, has marked the enterprise rooftop photovoltaic power generation is not (all stop production of electricity) within the control scope.   In October of the same year, enterprises in Suzhou Industrial Park received a notice to give orderly exemption of electricity consumption to enterprises awarded green and zero-carbon factories.  

When the local government energy consumption double control index appears early warning, it is inevitable to increase the double control efforts, and photovoltaic plays the role of "timely filling", photovoltaic in a sense to ensure the power consumption and production of enterprises, in the protection of local industrial enterprises in the power supply.   Distributed pv has the ability to combine supply and demand and absorb local consumption. The daytime working hours of the power station match the peak power consumption of the enterprise, which can effectively reduce the pressure of the power grid and relieve the power supply tension.  

2.2 Coal-burning electricity price marketization to boost photovoltaic income  

On October 12, the National Development and Reform Commission issued the Notice on Further Deepening the Market-oriented Reform of the On-grid Electricity price of Coal-fired Power Generation. The on-grid electricity of coal-fired power generation is no longer subject to the original government pricing system, and all of it will enter the power market.   On October 25, Jiangsu province made it clear in the notice of development and reform to cancel the current catalog price of electricity for general industry and commerce, other electricity and large industrial electricity in Jiangsu Province.  

Taking Jiangsu 10kV large industrial power consumption as an example, after the cancellation, the peak price (8:00-12:00, 17:00-21:00) decreases slightly compared with the catalog price, and the price in the normal period changes little, while the price in the trough period increases significantly compared with the target price, and the peak-valley price difference is not big.   Taking 10kV large industrial catalog electricity price as an example, the weighted electricity price of spontaneous and self-use rooftop distributed pv and corresponding large industrial users' power grid agent is calculated. The weighted electricity price is 0.7904 yuan /kWh without considering price discount. After the cancellation of catalog electricity price,  Trading power purchase prices at the highest price for the big industrial users grid fee weighted electricity price is 0.8296 yuan/KWH, a rise of 5% in the original (considering coal prices, power supply shortages, market price is higher than the benchmark price in the short term), so the offset this part of the pv projects under the condition of the first electricity prices show a stronger economy.  

2.3 It is time to configure energy storage  

On November 19, 2021, the People's Government of Wujiang District issued the following subsidy policies: all the new and renovated industrial plant projects in the district will be built with rooftop PHOTOVOLTAIC power generation facilities.   Existing industrial enterprises with roof area of more than 10,000 square meters, or annual comprehensive energy consumption of more than 1,000 tons of standard coal (when the value), or annual electricity consumption of more than 2 million KWH, under the premise of meeting load conditions, rooftop PHOTOVOLTAIC power generation facilities should be installed.  Photovoltaic projects with an installed capacity of more than 2 MW are encouraged to install energy storage systems at a ratio of no less than 8% of their installed capacity, and centralized energy storage projects are supported.   Specific subsidies are as follows:  

2.4 carbon trading  

2.4.1 Attribution Through energy contract management, enterprises can get roof rent or electricity price discount, and investors can get electricity price income, but the value of carbon trading is not reflected. In the future, carbon emission quota of enterprises is not enough. If the carbon attribute of photovoltaic does not belong to them, they need to buy additional CCER or green electricity.  

2.4.2 Income After the carbon trading market is launched nationwide, new energy operators can obtain additional income on the basis of original operating income by selling CCER (voluntary emission reduction certified by the state).   Secondly, the efficiency of new energy operation enterprises is improved through carbon trading, which is conducive to stimulate the development of new energy equipment industry.  Based on the closing price of 42.21 yuan per ton in the national unified carbon trading market, it is equivalent to an additional profit of 16,600 yuan per year.  

Three, the double control of photovoltaic points  

3.1 Photovoltaic safety has attracted much attention  

Electrical safety under double control of energy consumption is particularly important, especially when enterprises are forced to install photovoltaic under the big situation, but enterprises have higher requirements for fault monitoring and early warning ability, equipment fire and explosion prevention, and system timely cutting ability.  

Safe signal or image acquisition: such as temperature acquisition, such as temperature cable, uav infrared thermal imaging monitoring, adding some temperature measurement PT in some key nodes;   For example, in a roof with high safety performance requirements, some temperature cables are arranged. The temperature cables are laid along the back of the PHOTOVOLTAIC module. Each temperature measuring point is closely connected with the MC4 connector coat of the photovoltaic panel, and each temperature measuring cable has hundreds of points.   The temperature data of these measuring points will be transmitted to the monitoring center in real time. The server of the monitoring center will store and analyze the data and push abnormal data to the corresponding responsible person.  

The safety features of the equipment itself: the inverter can not only monitor the fault of the equipment itself, but also monitor some faults from the system, such as AFCI DC arc pulling, RCD leakage current, ISO impedance to the ground problems.  

System breaking ability: such as leakage protection switch, RSD off function, etc.  

3.2 Inadequate roof conditions (load and waterproofing)  

3.2.1 waterproof for industrial enterprises, photovoltaic power generation benefits far less important than its normal production operation, so the industrial enterprises pay more attention to pv roof waterproof, energy saving and thermal insulation effect, avoid the leakage and affect the normal production and operation, to undertake large maintenance cost, the second will can focus on photovoltaic roof power generation benefit.   Therefore, the installation of photovoltaic and repair of waterproof projects are particularly favored by enterprises.  

3.2.2 Load The load of most roofs cannot meet the requirements of photovoltaic installation. Photovoltaic investors, especially enterprises developed in the whole county, need very high cost of load reinforcement and increase the difficulty and risk of construction.  

Purlin added corner brace reinforcement scheme  

Method: load reinforcement is evaluated separately or electricity price is discounted  

3.3 Photovoltaic power quality  

The access of distributed photovoltaic power generation increases the difficulty of load prediction in its region, changes the existing load growth mode, and makes the transformation and management of distribution network more complicated.   In addition, it has an impact on power parameters such as unbalance, harmonics and flicker and affects the configuration of relay protection. Generally, grid-connected pv is equipped with an online monitoring device for power quality.  

Grid-connected inverters should follow NB/T32004-2013 "Technical Specification for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Inverters".  The connection point is installed in accordance with IEC61000-4-30 "Electromagnetic compatibility part 4-30 Test and Measurement Technology Power quality".  

Through these standard specifications, to reduce the impact of photovoltaic power generation on power quality.  

In the context of dual control, photovoltaic plays the role of "timely filling", so as to ensure the power consumption and production of enterprises.  

1. Due to the marketization of coal-fired electricity price, photovoltaic income has been further boosted.  

2. Energy storage becomes a cost-effective solution for the next 3-5 years under dual control.  

3. Carbon trading enables pv to obtain additional income on the basis of the original operating income.  

4. Enterprises have put forward higher requirements for the safety performance of photovoltaic power stations.  

5, for some users with poor roof installation conditions, need to focus on waterproof and load.  

6. For some enterprises with high power quality requirements, attention should be paid to design and equipment selection.