太陽(yáng)能光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)從大類(lèi) 上可分為離網(wǎng)
(獨(dú)立)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)和并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)兩大類(lèi)。
下圖是離網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的工作原理示意圖。太陽(yáng)能光伏發(fā)電的核心部件是太陽(yáng)電池組件，它將太陽(yáng)光的光能直接轉(zhuǎn)換成電能，并通過(guò)光伏控制器把電池組件產(chǎn)生的電能存儲(chǔ)于蓄電池中。當(dāng)負(fù)載用電時(shí)，蓄電池中的電能通過(guò)光伏控制器合理地分配到各個(gè)負(fù)載上。電池組件所產(chǎn)生的電流為直流電，可以直接以直流電的形式應(yīng)用，也可以用交流逆變器將其轉(zhuǎn)換成為交流電，供交流負(fù)載使用。太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電的電能可以即發(fā)即用，也可以用蓄電池等儲(chǔ)能裝置將電能存儲(chǔ)起來(lái)，在需要時(shí)使用 。
離網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)適用于下列情況及場(chǎng)合:①需要移動(dòng)攜帶的設(shè)備電源:②遠(yuǎn)離電網(wǎng)的邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)、農(nóng)林牧區(qū)、山區(qū)、島嶼:③不需要并網(wǎng)的場(chǎng)合:④不需要備用電源的場(chǎng)合等。
一般來(lái)說(shuō)， 在遠(yuǎn)離電網(wǎng)而又必需電力供應(yīng)的地方以及如柴油發(fā)電等需要運(yùn)輸燃料、發(fā)電成本較高的場(chǎng)合，使用離網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)比較經(jīng)濟(jì)、環(huán)保，可優(yōu)先考慮。有些場(chǎng)合為了保證離網(wǎng)供電的穩(wěn)定性、連續(xù)性和可靠性，往往還需要采用柴油發(fā)電機(jī)、風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)等與光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成風(fēng)光柴互補(bǔ)的發(fā)電系統(tǒng)。
并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)由電池組件方陣將光能轉(zhuǎn)變成電能，并經(jīng)直流匯流箱和直流配電柜進(jìn)入并網(wǎng)逆變器，有些類(lèi)型的并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)還要配置儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)儲(chǔ)存電能。并網(wǎng)光伏逆變器由功率調(diào)節(jié)、交流逆變、并網(wǎng)保護(hù)切換等部分構(gòu)成。經(jīng)逆變器輸出的交流電通過(guò)交流配電柜后供用戶(hù)或負(fù)載使用，多余的電能可通過(guò)電力變壓器等設(shè)備逆流饋入公共電網(wǎng)
(可稱(chēng)為賣(mài)電)。當(dāng)并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)因氣候原因發(fā)電不足或自身用電量偏大時(shí)，可由公共電網(wǎng)向用戶(hù)負(fù)載補(bǔ)充供電(稱(chēng)為買(mǎi)電)。 系統(tǒng)還配備有監(jiān)控、測(cè)試及顯示系統(tǒng)，用于對(duì)整個(gè)系統(tǒng)工作狀態(tài)的監(jiān)控、檢測(cè)及發(fā)電量等各種數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)，還可以利用計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)遠(yuǎn)程控制和顯示數(shù)據(jù)。
并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā) 電系統(tǒng)可以向公共電網(wǎng)逆流供電，其
“晝發(fā)夜用”的發(fā)電特性正好可對(duì)公共電網(wǎng)實(shí)行峰谷調(diào)節(jié)，對(duì)加強(qiáng)供電的穩(wěn)定性和可靠性十分有利。與離網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)相比，可以不用儲(chǔ)能蓄電設(shè)備(特殊場(chǎng)合除外)，從而擴(kuò)大了使用范圍和靈活性，并使發(fā)電系統(tǒng)成本大大降低。
對(duì)于有儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)的并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)，光伏逆變器中將含有充放電控制功能，負(fù)責(zé)調(diào)節(jié)、控制和保護(hù)儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)正常工作。
Solar photovoltaic power generation systems can be divided into two categories: off grid (independent) photovoltaic power generation systems and grid connected photovoltaic power generation systems.
The following figure shows the working principle
of off grid photovoltaic power generation system. The core component of solar photovoltaic power generation is the solar cell module, which directly converts the solar energy into electrical energy, and stores the electrical energy generated by the battery
module in the battery through the photovoltaic controller. When the load uses electricity, the electric energy in the battery is reasonably distributed to each load through the photovoltaic controller. The current generated by the battery module is DC,
which can be directly applied in the form of DC, or can be converted into AC by AC inverter for AC load. The electric energy of solar power generation can be generated and used immediately. It can also be stored by energy storage devices such as batteries
for use when needed.
Photovoltaic Institute | understand the working principle of solar photovoltaic power generation system in two pictures
The off grid photovoltaic power generation system is applicable to the following situations and occasions:
① power supply for mobile equipment: ② remote areas, agricultural, forestry and pastoral areas, mountains and islands away from the power grid: ③ occasions where grid connection is not required: ④ occasions where standby power supply is not required.
Generally speaking, the off grid photovoltaic power generation system is more economical and environmentally friendly in places far away from the power grid and where power supply is necessary, as well as in places requiring transportation fuel and
high power generation costs, such as diesel power generation, which can be given priority. In some cases, in order to ensure the stability, continuity and reliability of off grid power supply, it is often necessary to use diesel generators, wind turbines
and photovoltaic power generation systems to form a wind diesel complementary power generation system.
The grid connected photovoltaic power generation system converts light energy into electric energy by the square array of battery modules, and
enters the grid connected inverter through the DC combiner box and DC distribution cabinet. Some types of grid connected photovoltaic power generation systems are also equipped with energy storage systems to store electric energy. The grid connected photovoltaic
inverter is composed of power regulation, AC inverter, grid connected protection switching, etc. The AC output by the inverter is used by users or loads after passing through the AC distribution cabinet, and the excess electric energy can be fed into
the public power grid through power transformers and other equipment (which can be called power selling). When the grid connected photovoltaic power generation system has insufficient power generation or its own power consumption is too large due to climate
reasons, the public power grid can supplement the power supply to the user load (called power purchase). The system is also equipped with a monitoring, testing and display system, which is used to monitor and detect the working status of the whole system
and to count various data such as power generation. It can also use the computer network system to remotely control and display data.
Photovoltaic Institute | understand the working principle of solar photovoltaic power generation system in two pictures
The grid connected photovoltaic power generation system can supply reverse current power to the public power grid. Its power generation characteristics of "generating power in the day and using it at night" can precisely regulate the peak and valley
of the public power grid, which is very beneficial to strengthening the stability and reliability of power supply. Compared with off grid photovoltaic power generation system, energy storage equipment (except for special occasions) can not be used, which
expands the scope of use and flexibility, and greatly reduces the cost of power generation system.
For the grid connected photovoltaic power generation system with energy storage system, the photovoltaic inverter will contain the charge and discharge
control function, which is responsible for regulating, controlling and protecting the normal operation of the energy storage system.
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