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集裝箱式儲能安全設(shè)計

返回列表 來源: 陽光工匠 發(fā)布日期: 2022.06.30 瀏覽次數(shù):
在國家“雙碳”戰(zhàn)略下,以光伏、風(fēng)電為代表的新能源蓬勃發(fā)展,隨著光伏、風(fēng)電大量的接入,電網(wǎng)的調(diào)頻、調(diào)峰資源需求急劇上升, 儲能系統(tǒng)在解決新能源消納、增強(qiáng)電網(wǎng)穩(wěn)定性、提高配電系統(tǒng)利用效率等方面發(fā)揮的作用日益重要。電化學(xué)儲能鋰離子系統(tǒng),由于部署環(huán)境要求低,適用場景多,其應(yīng)用規(guī)模正在快速增長,在大規(guī)模應(yīng)用的同時,儲能電站的安全問題也引起人們的普遍關(guān)注。

新能源電源側(cè)儲能、電網(wǎng)側(cè)儲能、大型離網(wǎng)和微網(wǎng)儲能電站,常采用集裝箱式儲能,數(shù)萬支電芯通過串/并聯(lián)的方式,安裝在集裝箱內(nèi),鋰離子電池正負(fù)極之間只有一層很薄的隔膜絕緣,電氣隔離主要依賴絕緣材料和電氣開關(guān),絕緣材料在高溫下有可能碳化,變成導(dǎo)電材料,隔離開關(guān)在高壓下也可能擊穿,功率器件開關(guān)管,在反向高壓,浪涌沖擊下,也有可能非正常導(dǎo)通。在長期數(shù)千次的充放電循環(huán)中,尤其是過充過放過溫狀態(tài)下,有可能造成電芯短路故障,局部失控,其中任何一個電芯出現(xiàn)安全問題,如果沒有嚴(yán)密的安全防護(hù)措施提前應(yīng)對,都可能引起系統(tǒng)的連鎖反應(yīng),造成爆炸事故。

增加絕緣材料和強(qiáng)度,構(gòu)建儲能電站的銅墻鐵壁,有可能解決儲能電站的安全問題,但會增加電站的成本,不利于儲能的大規(guī)模推廣應(yīng)用。集裝箱式儲能的安全問題,需要從系統(tǒng)方案、材料選型、安防設(shè)計等多方面著手,才能綜合兼顧安全和成本兩個重要指標(biāo)。目前儲能電站采取的主要安全技術(shù)和措施有:新型模塊化儲能技術(shù),氣凝膠隔熱絕緣材料,傳統(tǒng)的電氣保護(hù)、熱管理和高效消防安全系統(tǒng)等。

1、模塊化儲能技術(shù)

第一代鋰電將電池PACK簡單串聯(lián)成簇,第二代鋰電在一代鋰電的基礎(chǔ)上增加了部分智能電池管理單元。然而鋰電系統(tǒng)的直流母線高壓與電池絕緣風(fēng)險、簇間放電不均流、梯次電池?zé)o法混用等一系列問題無法徹底解決,給鋰電的安全穩(wěn)定應(yīng)用打上了問號。新型模塊化儲能,每一個電池模組對應(yīng)一個BMS電池管理系統(tǒng),配備的電氣物理雙隔離、故障模塊自動退出、電池絕緣失效預(yù)警等多重功能,保障了鋰電池的安全性和可靠性,模塊自適應(yīng)主動均流,支持梯次電池混用和不同品牌電池混用,分期擴(kuò)容及分鐘級維護(hù),一舉解決了鋰電池諸多應(yīng)用難題。

2、氣凝膠(Aerogel)

氣凝膠是一種具有納米多孔網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)、并在孔隙中充滿氣態(tài)分散介質(zhì)的固體材料,是世界上最輕的固體。氣凝膠被公認(rèn)為是世界上已知的質(zhì)量最輕的固體材料,是新一代高效節(jié)能絕熱材料。氣凝膠兼具阻燃性能高、體積輕及用量少的特點,成為動力電池電芯隔熱材料的最佳選擇,目前已經(jīng)被電池企業(yè)和新能源汽車廠家所采用。在電芯之間以及模組、PACK的上蓋采用氣凝膠防火隔熱材料。模組層面的安全設(shè)計主要是隔離,也就是通過隔離對問題單體“分而治之”,這就是模組的隔熱隔火設(shè)計。模組熱失控管理主要依靠單體電池之間的氣凝膠實現(xiàn)。氣凝膠通過PET封裝,整體導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)小,可以很好的延緩單體之間的熱量傳遞,通過將個別出現(xiàn)問題的電芯隔離,杜絕影響給其他單體電芯,從而保障了電池模組層級的安全。

3、儲能電站電氣保護(hù)

儲能電站的保護(hù)分區(qū):直流側(cè)分為直流儲能單元保護(hù)區(qū)、直流連接單元保護(hù)區(qū)和匯流區(qū);交流側(cè)分為交流濾波保護(hù)區(qū)和變壓器保護(hù)區(qū)。相鄰保護(hù)區(qū)之間存在相互重疊的部分,保證了所有電氣設(shè)備均在保護(hù)范圍內(nèi)。保護(hù)區(qū)的劃分與繼電保護(hù)的配置密切相關(guān),一方面保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)電氣設(shè)備的類型不同,發(fā)生故障后的電氣量及非電氣量的特征不同;另一方面,相鄰保護(hù)區(qū)間配合隨著保護(hù)區(qū)劃分的不同也存在巨大的差異。因此,儲能電站保護(hù)的配置及配合都建立在保護(hù)分區(qū)的基礎(chǔ)上。

直流儲能單元保護(hù)配置:過欠壓保護(hù)、熱保護(hù)及過流保護(hù)、電壓電流變化速率保護(hù)、充電保護(hù);直流連接單元保護(hù)配置:配置熔斷器、低壓直流斷路器、低壓直流隔離開關(guān)及中跨電池保護(hù),對于多儲能單元,直流連接單元盡量分開連接,避免發(fā)生故障時損失更多的供電容量;雙向變流器(PCS)保護(hù)配置:輸入及輸出側(cè)過欠壓保護(hù)、過頻及欠頻保護(hù)、相序檢測與保護(hù)、防孤島保護(hù)、過熱保護(hù)、過載及短路保護(hù)。

興儲世紀(jì)工作人員在項目投運前對儲能設(shè)備進(jìn)行調(diào)試

4、鋰電池?zé)峁芾?/strong>

為了滿足項目現(xiàn)場地環(huán)境條件及系統(tǒng)運行工況下,電池組及配套設(shè)備的正常使用,集裝箱通過以下幾個方面進(jìn)行熱管理控制,主要含空調(diào)、熱管理設(shè)計、保溫層等方面,熱管理系統(tǒng)使集裝箱內(nèi)的溫度能保證電池組及配套電氣設(shè)備的正常運行。

集裝箱內(nèi)的溫度控制方案如下:通過溫度探頭實時監(jiān)測集裝箱內(nèi)各設(shè)定點的溫度,當(dāng)設(shè)定點的溫度高于空調(diào)的設(shè)定啟動溫度時,空調(diào)運行制冷功能,并通過特制的風(fēng)道對集裝箱內(nèi)部進(jìn)行降溫,溫度達(dá)到設(shè)定值的下限時,空調(diào)停止工作。當(dāng)設(shè)定點的溫度低于空調(diào)的設(shè)定啟動溫度時,空調(diào)運行制熱功能,并通過特制的風(fēng)道對集裝箱內(nèi)部進(jìn)行升溫,溫度達(dá)到15℃,空調(diào)停止工作。

鋰電池在運行過程中由于內(nèi)部電化學(xué)反應(yīng)存在和環(huán)境溫度升高的影響,會提升電池的內(nèi)腔溫度而使反應(yīng)加??;而在高寒地區(qū),由于環(huán)境低溫的影響,也會降低電池內(nèi)的反應(yīng)速度。前者可能導(dǎo)致熱失控而使電池提早失效并產(chǎn)生安全問題,后者也會降低電池的充放電能力和效率。

5、集裝箱消防安全

相較鉛酸電池,同體積的鋰電池密度更大,儲存能量更多,爆燃起火后,其火焰成噴射狀,火源溫度也更高,同時還會釋放大量有毒有害氣體,因此安全隱患更大。撲救鋰電池火災(zāi)時,一要及時撲滅明火,避免火災(zāi)快速蔓延;二要降低熱失控反應(yīng)速率,使鋰電池內(nèi)部熱失控反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的熱量有序釋放 ;三要持續(xù)降低鋰電池溫度,避免鋰電池火災(zāi)發(fā)生復(fù)燃和快速蔓延。

集裝箱內(nèi)集成消防裝置,多采用不低于三級的架構(gòu),包括預(yù)警、告警和動作,消防系統(tǒng)的裝置,包含探測控制器,消防控制箱、聲光報警鈴/燈、溫度及鹽霧傳感器、全氟己酮氣體滅火裝置。探測控制器的安裝原則應(yīng)選擇靠近電池組位置,結(jié)合實際機(jī)架的結(jié)構(gòu),可以選擇電池柜上頂部空間進(jìn)行安裝。滅火器裝置采用柜式七氟丙烷滅火器和氣溶膠滅火裝置。其中,柜式全氟己酮安裝在電池室內(nèi),氣溶膠自動滅火系列裝置安裝在電器室內(nèi)。

集裝箱內(nèi)配置全氟己酮消防裝置,煙霧傳感器、溫度傳感器一旦檢測到高溫火災(zāi)故障信號,集裝箱可通過聲光報警和遠(yuǎn)程通信的方式通知用戶,同時,切掉正在運行的鋰電池成套設(shè)備。30S后消防裝置釋放全氟己酮氣體滅火。集裝箱內(nèi)逃生門上需要顯著的指示:消防警示信號響起后請30S內(nèi)離開集裝箱。

氣溶膠自動滅火系列裝置是一種新型熱氣溶膠滅火裝置,是一類具有超高滅火效能和可靠性的消防領(lǐng)域突破性產(chǎn)品?;馂?zāi)發(fā)生時,及安盾消防熱氣溶膠自動滅火裝置通過電啟動或感溫啟動方式引發(fā)滅火藥劑發(fā)生作用,迅速產(chǎn)生大量亞納米級固相微粒和惰性氣體混合物,以高濃度煙氣狀立體全淹沒式作用于火災(zāi)發(fā)生的每個角落,通過化學(xué)抑制、物理降溫、稀釋氧氣多重作用,快速高效撲滅火災(zāi),對環(huán)境及人員無毒害。

氣溶膠還能夠做到三級防火保護(hù),以電池簇為防護(hù)單元,采用集中式氣體探測采樣分析,通過預(yù)設(shè)在每個PACK箱內(nèi)的探測器,實時探測鋰電池內(nèi)部化學(xué)成分的變化,由芯片對各種參數(shù)的變動情況進(jìn)行分析計算,對電池箱內(nèi)的電芯進(jìn)行有效的火災(zāi)較早期抑制防控,以阻止鋰電池?zé)崾Э財U(kuò)展及儲能柜爆炸。一是電池模組消防:根據(jù)電池模組尺寸和電芯容量,將氣溶膠安裝于電池模組,可有效撲滅電芯第一次著火(第一級防護(hù)),電池從內(nèi)而外滅火是最有效的滅火方法,可以令熱失控?fù)p失減至最低;二是電池機(jī)柜消防:將氣溶膠安裝于電池柜,防護(hù)空間3m,可有效撲滅電池柜內(nèi)第二次復(fù)燃或電氣起火(第二級防護(hù));三是儲能集裝箱消防:集裝箱內(nèi)可以安裝氣溶膠組來作為全體防護(hù),作為整箱火情的抑制(第三極防護(hù))。有了第一級和第二級防護(hù),第三極防護(hù)啟動機(jī)會大幅減低,提高整體消防安全性。

Under the national "double carbon" strategy, new energy represented by photovoltaic and wind power is booming. With the massive access of photovoltaic and wind power, the demand for frequency modulation and peak load regulation resources of the power grid has risen sharply. The energy storage system plays an increasingly important role in solving the consumption of new energy, enhancing the stability of the power grid, and improving the utilization efficiency of the distribution system. Electrochemical energy storage lithium-ion system, due to its low deployment environment requirements and many applicable scenarios, its application scale is growing rapidly. At the same time of large-scale application, the safety of energy storage power stations has also attracted widespread attention.



New energy power side energy storage, grid side energy storage, large off grid and micro grid energy storage power stations often use container type energy storage. Tens of thousands of electric cells are installed in containers through series / parallel connection. There is only a thin layer of diaphragm insulation between the positive and negative electrodes of lithium-ion batteries. Electrical isolation mainly depends on insulating materials and electrical switches. Insulating materials may be carbonized and become conductive materials at high temperatures, The disconnector may also break down under high voltage, and the power device switch tube may also conduct abnormally under reverse high voltage and surge impact. During thousands of charging and discharging cycles for a long time, especially under the condition of overcharge, over discharge and over temperature, it is possible to cause short-circuit fault of the cell and local out of control. If any cell has a safety problem, if there is no strict safety protection measures to deal with it in advance, it may cause a chain reaction of the system and cause an explosion accident.



Increasing the insulating materials and strength and building an iron wall of the energy storage power station may solve the safety problems of the energy storage power station, but it will increase the cost of the power station and is not conducive to the large-scale promotion and application of energy storage. The safety of container type energy storage needs to start from the system scheme, material selection, security design and other aspects, so as to comprehensively take into account the two important indicators of safety and cost. At present, the main safety technologies and measures adopted by the energy storage power station include: new modular energy storage technology, aerogel gel thermal insulation materials, traditional electrical protection, thermal management and efficient fire safety systems, etc.



1. Modular energy storage technology



The first generation lithium battery simply connected the battery packs in series into clusters, and the second generation lithium battery added some intelligent battery management units on the basis of the first generation lithium battery. However, a series of problems, such as the risk of DC bus high voltage and battery insulation, uneven current discharge between clusters, and the inability to mix echelon batteries, cannot be completely solved in the lithium battery system, which has cast a question mark on the safe and stable application of lithium battery. New modular energy storage. Each battery module corresponds to a BMS battery management system. It is equipped with multiple functions such as electrical and physical double isolation, automatic exit of fault modules, early warning of battery insulation failure, etc., which ensure the safety and reliability of lithium batteries. The modules are self-adaptive and active current sharing, support the mixed use of echelon batteries and batteries of different brands, phased capacity expansion and minute maintenance, and solve many application problems of lithium batteries in one fell swoop.



2. Aerogel gel



Aerogel gel is a kind of solid material with nano porous network structure and filled with gaseous dispersion medium in the pores. It is the lightest solid in the world. Aerogel gel is recognized as the lightest solid material in the world, and it is a new generation of energy-efficient thermal insulation materials. Aerogel gel has the characteristics of high flame retardancy, light volume and low consumption. It has become the best choice of thermal insulation materials for power battery cells. At present, it has been adopted by battery enterprises and new energy vehicle manufacturers. Aerogel gel fireproof and thermal insulation materials are used between the cells and the upper covers of modules and packs. The safety design at the module level is mainly isolation, that is to divide and rule the problem unit through isolation, which is the thermal insulation and fire isolation design of the module. The thermal runaway management of the module mainly depends on the aerogel gel between the individual cells. The aerogel gel is encapsulated by pet, and the overall thermal conductivity is small, which can well delay the heat transfer between the cells. By isolating individual cells with problems, it can eliminate the impact on other single cells, thus ensuring the safety of the battery module level.



3. Electrical protection of energy storage power station



Protection zones of energy storage power station: DC side is divided into DC energy storage unit protection zone, DC connection unit protection zone and confluence zone; The AC side is divided into AC filter protection zone and transformer protection zone. There are overlapping parts between adjacent protected areas, ensuring that all electrical equipment is within the protection range. The division of the protection zone is closely related to the configuration of relay protection. On the one hand, the types of electrical equipment in the protection zone are different, and the characteristics of electrical quantity and non electrical quantity after fault are different; On the other hand, there are also great differences in the coordination of adjacent protection zones with the division of protection zones. Therefore, the configuration and coordination of the protection of the energy storage power station are based on the protection zoning.



DC energy storage unit protection configuration: over and under voltage protection, thermal protection and over-current protection, voltage and current change rate protection, charging protection; DC connection unit protection configuration: configure fuse, low-voltage DC circuit breaker, low-voltage DC disconnector and mid span battery protection. For multiple energy storage units, DC connection units shall be connected separately as far as possible to avoid loss of more power supply capacity in case of failure; Two way converter (PCS) protection configuration: input and output side overvoltage and undervoltage protection, over frequency and under frequency protection, phase sequence detection and protection, anti islanding protection, overheating protection, overload and short circuit protection.




The staff of xingchu century commissioned the energy storage equipment before the project was put into operation



4. Lithium battery thermal management



In order to meet the normal use of the battery pack and supporting equipment under the environmental conditions of the project site and the system operating conditions, the container carries out thermal management control through the following aspects, mainly including air conditioning, thermal management design, insulation layer, etc. the thermal management system enables the temperature in the container to ensure the normal operation of the battery pack and supporting electrical equipment.



The temperature control scheme in the container is as follows: the temperature at each set point in the container is monitored in real time through the temperature probe. When the temperature at the set point is higher than the set starting temperature of the air conditioner, the air conditioner operates the refrigeration function and cools the interior of the container through a special air duct. When the temperature reaches the lower limit of the set value, the air conditioner stops working. When the temperature at the set point is lower than the set starting temperature of the air conditioner, the air conditioner operates the heating function and heats up the interior of the container through a special air duct. When the temperature reaches 15 ℃, the air conditioner stops working.



During the operation of lithium battery, due to the existence of internal electrochemical reaction and the increase of ambient temperature, the inner cavity temperature of the battery will be increased and the reaction will be intensified; In high cold regions, the reaction speed in the battery will also be reduced due to the influence of low ambient temperature. The former may lead to thermal runaway and lead to early battery failure and safety problems. The latter will also reduce the charging and discharging capacity and efficiency of the battery.



5. Container fire safety



Compared with lead-acid batteries, lithium batteries with the same volume have higher density and store more energy. After deflagration and fire, the flame will form a jet, and the fire source temperature is also higher. At the same time, a large number of toxic and harmful gases will be released, so the potential safety hazard is greater. When putting out lithium battery fire, first, put out the open fire in time to avoid the rapid spread of the fire; Second, the rate of thermal runaway reaction should be reduced so that the heat generated by the thermal runaway reaction inside the lithium battery can be released orderly; Third, the temperature of lithium battery shall be continuously reduced to avoid the re ignition and rapid spread of lithium battery fire.



The integrated fire-fighting devices in the container mostly adopt a three-level structure, including early warning, alarm and action, devices of the fire-fighting system, including detection controller, fire control box, audible and visual alarm bell / lamp, temperature and salt mist sensor, and perfluorohexanone gas fire-extinguishing device. The detection controller shall be installed close to the battery pack in principle. Combined with the structure of the actual rack, the top space on the battery cabinet can be selected for installation. Cabinet type heptafluoropropane fire extinguishers and aerosol fire extinguishers are used. Among them, cabinet type perfluorohexanone is installed in the battery room, and aerosol automatic fire extinguishing series devices are installed in the electrical room.



The container is equipped with a perfluorohexanone fire-fighting device. Once the smoke sensor and temperature sensor detect a high-temperature fire fault signal, the container can notify the user through audible and visual alarm and remote communication. At the same time, cut off the running lithium battery equipment. After 30s, the fire-fighting device releases perfluorohexanone gas to extinguish the fire. Obvious instructions are required on the escape door in the container: please leave the container within 30s after the fire warning signal sounds.



Aerosol automatic fire extinguishing device is a new type of hot aerosol fire extinguishing device, which is a breakthrough product in the field of fire protection with ultra-high fire extinguishing efficiency and reliability. In case of fire, Andun fire control hot aerosol automatic fire extinguishing device will trigger the action of fire extinguishing agent through electric startup or temperature sensing startup, quickly produce a large number of sub nanometer solid particles and inert gas mixture, act on every corner of the fire in the form of high concentration flue gas, and quickly and efficiently extinguish the fire through multiple actions of chemical inhibition, physical cooling and oxygen dilution, without poisoning the environment and personnel.



Aerosol can also achieve three-level fire protection. Taking the battery cluster as the protection unit, the centralized gas detection sampling analysis is adopted. Through the detectors preset in each pack box, the changes in the internal chemical composition of the lithium battery are detected in real time. The chip analyzes and calculates the changes of various parameters, and effectively inhibits and prevents the early fire prevention and control of the cells in the battery box, so as to prevent the uncontrolled expansion of the lithium battery and the explosion of the energy storage cabinet. First, fire fighting of battery module: according to the size of battery module and the capacity of battery cell, installing aerosol in battery module can effectively extinguish the first fire of battery cell (first level protection). The most effective fire fighting method is to extinguish the fire from the inside out of battery, which can minimize the loss of heat out of control; Second, battery cabinet fire protection: install aerosol in the battery cabinet with a protective space of 3M, which can effectively extinguish the second re ignition or electrical fire in the battery cabinet (second level protection); Third, fire protection for energy storage containers: aerosol groups can be installed in the containers as overall protection and as the suppression of the whole container fire (the third pole protection). With the first and second level protection, the opportunity of starting the third pole protection is greatly reduced and the overall fire safety is improved.

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