1）核心部件——電池片：從功能來看，電池片是通過將硅片加工處理得到的可以將太陽的光能轉(zhuǎn)化為電能的半導(dǎo)體薄片，決定了光伏系統(tǒng)的發(fā)電能力，原理是光生伏特效應(yīng)和 PN 結(jié)。電池片的轉(zhuǎn)換效率直接影響光伏系統(tǒng)的發(fā)電效率，電池片生產(chǎn)工藝的優(yōu)良直接影響光伏系統(tǒng)使用壽命；從成本占比來看，電池片是光伏組件成本的核心，同時(shí)也是光伏組件降本的主要途徑，根據(jù)華經(jīng)產(chǎn)業(yè)研究院統(tǒng)計(jì)，2021 年電池片占組件成本的61.2%，同比-1.2pct，主要系受到上下游的雙重壓力影響導(dǎo)致電池片價(jià)格承壓下行。

2）電氣連接裝置——焊帶、接線盒：從功能來看，焊帶分為用于串聯(lián)電池片的互聯(lián)焊帶和用于連接電池串及接線盒的匯流焊帶，用于收集電池片轉(zhuǎn)化的電流，是組件中的核心電氣連接部件，直接影響組件電流的收集效率和電池片的碎片率。接線盒能夠?qū)⒔M件內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的電流傳輸?shù)酵獠烤€路，其結(jié)構(gòu)中二極管的性能具備在組件故障時(shí)形成旁路通路保持正常工作（旁路二極管），以及低光照時(shí)防止電流回流（阻塞二極管）等作用；從成本占比來看，焊帶環(huán)節(jié)多采用“原材料+加工費(fèi)”定價(jià)模式，價(jià)格受原材料銅、錫價(jià)格波動(dòng)較大，根據(jù)華經(jīng)產(chǎn)業(yè)研究院統(tǒng)計(jì)，2021年焊帶占組件成本的2.6%，同比-0.7pct；接線盒環(huán)節(jié)較為穩(wěn)定，2021 占組件成本的2.6%，同比+0.1pct，成本變動(dòng)較小。

3）封裝材料——光伏玻璃、背板：從功能來看，光伏玻璃是能夠利用太陽輻射發(fā)電并引出電流的特種玻璃，同時(shí)也是組件最外層的透光封裝面板，主要起透光和保護(hù)作用，較傳統(tǒng)玻璃具有含鐵量低、透光率高、耐高溫、耐氧化、耐腐蝕等優(yōu)勢(shì)，其質(zhì)量直接影響組件發(fā)電效率和使用年限。背板是組件背部的封裝材料，以有機(jī)高分子類材料為主，也有適用于雙玻晶硅組件的無機(jī)物類材料（玻璃背板等）。背板能夠保護(hù)光伏組件免受光、濕、熱等外部環(huán)境的侵蝕，具備較高光反射率的背板也能提升組件整體的光電轉(zhuǎn)換效率；從成本占比來看，根據(jù)華經(jīng)產(chǎn)業(yè)研究院統(tǒng)計(jì)，受雙玻組件滲透率提升影響，2021 年光伏玻璃占組件成本的7.1%，同比+1.0pct；2021年光伏背板的基礎(chǔ)材料——PVDF 薄膜及其原材料氟樹脂價(jià)格一路走高，背板價(jià)格也不斷攀升，2021 年占組件成本的 5.2%，同比+2.1pct。

4）封裝輔材——EVA 膠膜、鋁邊框：從功能來看，光伏膠膜具備優(yōu)越的黏著力、耐久性和光學(xué)特性，主要將電池片與玻璃、背板粘接，起到保護(hù)電池片、隔絕空氣的作用。由于粘接過程不可逆，所以膠膜的質(zhì)量直接決定了組件的封裝質(zhì)量和使用壽命。鋁邊框作為組件最外層的封裝結(jié)構(gòu)，相較鋼邊框和橡膠件卡扣短邊框具有更強(qiáng)的承載能力和耐腐蝕性，同時(shí)輕便性較好，完美契合了組件的特性需求，屬于中短期內(nèi)不可替代的剛需輔材；從成本占比來看，2021 年 EVA 市場(chǎng)受美國寒潮、光伏需求爆發(fā)等影響，價(jià)格屢創(chuàng)新高，根據(jù)華經(jīng)產(chǎn)業(yè)研究院統(tǒng)計(jì)，2021 年EVA膠膜占組件成本比重為 8.4%，同比+1.1pct；鋁邊框環(huán)節(jié) 2021 年占組件成本的9.0%，同比-2.5pct，主要系大尺寸組件的邊框單耗低于小尺寸組件，以及2021 年大尺寸組件滲透率提升所致。

1) Core component -- cell chip: From the perspective of function, cell chip is a semiconductor chip that can convert the solar light energy into electric energy through the processing of silicon chip, which determines the power generation capacity of photovoltaic system. The principle is the photogenerated volt effect and PN junction.   The conversion efficiency of the cell directly affects the power generation efficiency of the photovoltaic system, and the excellent production technology of the cell directly affects the service life of the photovoltaic system.  From the perspective of the cost ratio, the battery is the core of the cost of photovoltaic modules, but also the main way to reduce the cost of photovoltaic modules, according to the statistics of China Economic Industry Research Institute, in 2021, the battery accounted for 61.2% of the cost of modules, compared with -1.2PCT, mainly affected by the dual pressure of upstream and downstream resulting in the downward pressure on the price of battery panels.  

2) electrical connection device, welding, junction box: from a functional perspective, welding zone is divided into interconnected welding for tandem solar cell and used to connect the battery string and junction box of the confluence weld zone, used to collect current of cell transformation, is the core component in the electrical connection parts, directly affect the collection of component current efficiency and cell debris rate.   The junction box can transmit the current generated in the component to the external circuit. The performance of the diode in its structure has the function of forming a bypass path to maintain the normal work when the component fails (bypass diode), and prevent the current backflow (blocking diode) when the light is low.  From the perspective of cost ratio, the "raw material + processing fee" pricing mode is mostly adopted in the welding belt link, and the price fluctuates greatly depending on the price of copper and tin. According to the statistics of China Economic Industry Research Institute, the welding belt accounted for 2.6% of the component cost in 2021, which was -0.7PCt compared with the previous year.  The junction box link is relatively stable, accounting for 2.6% of the component cost in 2021, which is +0.1 PCT compared with the previous year, and the cost changes are small.  

3) Packaging materials -- photovoltaic glass, backplane:  From a functional perspective, photovoltaic glass is able to take advantage of solar radiation power and lead to the current special glass, but also the most outer layer of the pervious to light components encapsulation panel, mainly from pervious to light and protection, the traditional glass has a low iron content, high light transmittance, high temperature resistant, resistant to oxidation, corrosion resistance and other advantages, its quality directly affects the component power generation efficiency and use fixed number of year.  The backplane is the packaging material for the back of the component, mainly organic polymer materials, but also inorganic materials (glass backplane, etc.) suitable for double glassy silicon components.  The backplane can protect the PV module from the erosion of external environment such as light, humidity and heat. The backplane with high optical reflectance can also improve the overall photoelectric conversion efficiency of the module.   From the perspective of cost proportion, according to the statistics of China Economic Industry Research Institute, influenced by the increase of double-glass module penetration, photovoltaic glass accounted for 7.1% of the module cost in 2021, which was +1.0 PCT compared with the previous year;  In 2021, the basic material of PV backplane -- PVDF film and its raw material fluorine resin price went up all the way, and the backplane price also kept climbing, accounting for 5.2% of the component cost in 2021, +2.1 PCT year-on-year.  

4) Encapsulation auxiliary materials - EVA film, aluminum frame: From the perspective of function, the photovoltaic film has excellent adhesion, durability and optical characteristics, mainly bonding the battery sheet with glass and backplane, to protect the battery sheet and isolate the air.   Since the bonding process is irreversible, the quality of the film directly determines the packaging quality and service life of the component.  As the outermost packaging structure of the component, the aluminum frame has stronger bearing capacity and corrosion resistance than the steel frame and the short frame of the rubber fastener. At the same time, it has good portability and perfectly meets the characteristics of the component. It is an irreplaceable rigid auxiliary material in the short and medium term.  From the perspective of cost ratio, the EVA market in 2021 was affected by the cold wave in the United States and the explosion of photovoltaic demand, and the price repeatedly set new highs. According to the statistics of China Economic Industry Research Institute, the proportion of EVA film in the component cost in 2021 was 8.4%, +1.1 PCT.  Aluminum frame segment accounted for 9.0% of component cost in 2021, -2.5PCT year-on-year, mainly due to the lower frame consumption of large-size components than small-size components, and the increased penetration of large-size components in 2021.