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光伏發(fā)電技術(shù)“十四五”科技發(fā)展展望

返回列表 來(lái)源: 生態(tài)環(huán)境地圖 發(fā)布日期: 2022.06.13 瀏覽次數(shù):
近年來(lái),在技術(shù)進(jìn)步的推動(dòng)下,我國(guó)光伏發(fā)電產(chǎn)業(yè)取得快速發(fā)展,產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模和技術(shù)水平均達(dá)到世界領(lǐng)先水平。放眼“十四五”時(shí)期,精心謀劃、提前布局,加強(qiáng)光伏技術(shù)創(chuàng)新與產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí),是提升核心源動(dòng)力,推動(dòng)光伏發(fā)電高質(zhì)量、低成本、大規(guī)模發(fā)展的重要保障。

光伏發(fā)電技術(shù)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與趨勢(shì)


(一)世界光伏發(fā)電技術(shù)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀
大力發(fā)展可再生能源已成為全球能源革命和應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化的主導(dǎo)方向和一致行動(dòng)。近年來(lái),光伏發(fā)電作為重要的可再生能源發(fā)電技術(shù)取得了快速發(fā)展,在很多國(guó)家已成為清潔、低碳并具有價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的能源形式。2020年全球新增光伏發(fā)電裝機(jī)1.27億千瓦,累計(jì)裝機(jī)規(guī)模達(dá)到7.07億千瓦。



晶體硅電池仍是光伏電池產(chǎn)業(yè)化主流技術(shù),新型電池發(fā)展迅速。 光伏電池作為光伏行業(yè)的核心部件,根據(jù)工藝和原材料不同主要可分為晶體硅電池、薄膜電池、鈣鈦礦電池、有機(jī)電池等。其中,晶體硅電池由于其轉(zhuǎn)換效率高、原材料來(lái)源豐富、無(wú)毒無(wú)害等優(yōu)點(diǎn),占據(jù)了光伏電池規(guī)模化生產(chǎn)與應(yīng)用的主體。近年來(lái),PERC(發(fā)射極鈍化和背面接觸)技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用,進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)晶體硅電池轉(zhuǎn)換效率的提高。另一方面,以鈣鈦礦電池為代表的新型電池成為世界范圍內(nèi)的研究熱點(diǎn),轉(zhuǎn)換效率快速提升,實(shí)驗(yàn)室最高轉(zhuǎn)換效率已接近晶體硅電池,產(chǎn)業(yè)化進(jìn)程逐步推進(jìn),但其在大面積應(yīng)用、器件穩(wěn)定性等方面仍面臨挑戰(zhàn)。
光伏系統(tǒng)精細(xì)化水平不斷提升,應(yīng)用模式多樣化。 光伏系統(tǒng)子陣容量不斷增大,1500伏光伏系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用比例已經(jīng)逐步超過(guò)1000伏系統(tǒng),并網(wǎng)安全性、可靠性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不斷提高,光伏電站發(fā)電能力與電能質(zhì)量不斷提升?!肮夥?農(nóng)業(yè)”“光伏+畜牧業(yè)”“光伏+建筑”“光伏+漁業(yè)”等復(fù)合應(yīng)用形式規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大,微電網(wǎng)、智能電網(wǎng)等光伏發(fā)電與電網(wǎng)的深入融合逐步成為電力行業(yè)新業(yè)態(tài)。
(二)世界光伏發(fā)電技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
世界各國(guó)持續(xù)深化布局光伏發(fā)電全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈創(chuàng)新,作為推進(jìn)新興產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的主要戰(zhàn)略舉措,通過(guò)全覆蓋布局先進(jìn)材料、制造和系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用各環(huán)節(jié)研發(fā)實(shí)現(xiàn)成本降低與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力提升。
光伏核心器件朝高效率、低能耗、低成本方向發(fā)展。 晶體硅電池已構(gòu)建了完備的全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈,將繼續(xù)占據(jù)光伏電池生產(chǎn)量的主要份額,未來(lái)將進(jìn)一步向著更高的轉(zhuǎn)換效率、更少的原材料消耗、更低的能源消耗、更低的制造成本的方向發(fā)展。鈣鈦礦電池、疊層電池作為未來(lái)光伏電池技術(shù)重要的發(fā)展方向,世界各國(guó)均在此方面重點(diǎn)投入,著力提升器件性能與穩(wěn)定性,推動(dòng)產(chǎn)業(yè)化布局,在解決大面積、穩(wěn)定性等方面的問(wèn)題后,鈣鈦礦電池將有望改變光伏應(yīng)用市場(chǎng)的產(chǎn)業(yè)格局。
光伏應(yīng)用向多利用場(chǎng)景方向發(fā)展。 世界各國(guó)結(jié)合自身實(shí)際情況,積極推動(dòng)光伏建筑一體化、漂浮式光伏、光伏+農(nóng)業(yè)、光伏車(chē)棚等多種新型應(yīng)用形式發(fā)展,與之相關(guān)的特異性產(chǎn)品技術(shù)、聯(lián)合運(yùn)行控制技術(shù)等成為研究重點(diǎn)。
(三)我國(guó)光伏發(fā)電技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀
“十三五”期間,在產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)??焖贁U(kuò)大的帶動(dòng)下,我國(guó)光伏發(fā)電技術(shù)取得快速發(fā)展,光伏電池、組件等關(guān)鍵部件產(chǎn)業(yè)化量產(chǎn)技術(shù)達(dá)到世界領(lǐng)先水平;生產(chǎn)設(shè)備技術(shù)不斷升級(jí),基本實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)產(chǎn)化;光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)成套技術(shù)不斷優(yōu)化完善,智能化水平顯著提升。
光伏電池組件技術(shù)快速迭代,產(chǎn)業(yè)化制造水平世界領(lǐng)先。 到“十三五”末,我國(guó)光伏電池制造環(huán)節(jié)基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了從傳統(tǒng)“多晶鋁背場(chǎng)”技術(shù)到“單晶PERC”技術(shù)的更新?lián)Q代,主流規(guī)?;慨a(chǎn)晶體硅電池平均轉(zhuǎn)換效率從“十三五”初期的18.5%提升至22.8%,實(shí)現(xiàn)跨越式發(fā)展。TOPCon(隧穿氧化層鈍化接觸)、HJT(異質(zhì)結(jié))、IBC(背電極接觸)等新型晶體硅高效電池與組件技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平不斷提高,頭部企業(yè)多次刷新產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)換效率世界紀(jì)錄,已具備規(guī)?;a(chǎn)能力與較強(qiáng)的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。鈣鈦礦等新一代高效電池技術(shù)保持與世界齊頭并進(jìn),研究機(jī)構(gòu)多次創(chuàng)造鈣鈦礦電池實(shí)驗(yàn)室轉(zhuǎn)換效率世界紀(jì)錄,部分企業(yè)已開(kāi)展產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)研究,并多次刷新產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)組件轉(zhuǎn)換效率紀(jì)錄。
光伏發(fā)電制造設(shè)備水平明顯提升,基本實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)產(chǎn)化。 我國(guó)光伏設(shè)備實(shí)現(xiàn)了從低端向高端發(fā)展,產(chǎn)品定制化程度不斷提高,高產(chǎn)能與高效自動(dòng)化能力不斷提升,自動(dòng)化、數(shù)字化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化程度的提升推動(dòng)光伏制造向光伏智造轉(zhuǎn)變。多晶硅硅片、電池片、組件各環(huán)節(jié)生產(chǎn)裝備已基本實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)產(chǎn)化。
光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)技術(shù)不斷優(yōu)化,智能化運(yùn)維助力發(fā)電能力提升。 大量新技術(shù)被應(yīng)用于光伏電站整體設(shè)計(jì)以及系統(tǒng)級(jí)優(yōu)化。光伏支架跟蹤系統(tǒng)、1500伏電壓的采用有效提高了光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的實(shí)際發(fā)電能力;智能機(jī)器人、無(wú)人機(jī)、大數(shù)據(jù)、遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控、先進(jìn)通信技術(shù)等已在電站運(yùn)行中使用。
(四)我國(guó)光伏發(fā)電技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
作為全球最大的光伏發(fā)電應(yīng)用市場(chǎng),我國(guó)已成為各類(lèi)新型光伏電池技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)化轉(zhuǎn)化與應(yīng)用的孵化地。未來(lái)我國(guó)將繼續(xù)聚焦國(guó)際光伏發(fā)電技術(shù)發(fā)展重點(diǎn)方向,引領(lǐng)全球光伏發(fā)電產(chǎn)業(yè)化技術(shù)持續(xù)創(chuàng)新發(fā)展。
光伏電池效率進(jìn)一步提升。 晶體硅電池仍將在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)保持主導(dǎo)地位,并以PERC技術(shù)為主。采用TOPCon或HJT技術(shù)的N型晶體硅電池在綜合考慮效率、成本、規(guī)模,具備較好市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力后,有望成為下一個(gè)主流光伏電池技術(shù)。鈣鈦礦電池等基于新材料體系的高效光伏電池以及疊層電池作為研究熱點(diǎn),待產(chǎn)業(yè)化技術(shù)逐步成熟后有望帶來(lái)下一個(gè)光伏電池轉(zhuǎn)換效率的階躍式提升。
光伏組件高效率與高可靠性并進(jìn)。 半片技術(shù)、疊瓦技術(shù)、多主柵等組件技術(shù)將進(jìn)一步廣泛應(yīng)用,雙面組件將逐步成為市場(chǎng)主流,提升組件效率與發(fā)電能力。新型封裝技術(shù)與封裝材料進(jìn)一步提升組件可靠性。
光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)智能化、多元化發(fā)展。 逆變器將向大功率單體機(jī)、高電壓接入、智能化方向發(fā)展,不斷深化與儲(chǔ)能技術(shù)的融合,智能運(yùn)行與維護(hù)技術(shù)水平不斷提高。光伏建筑一體化等新場(chǎng)景應(yīng)用技術(shù)不斷完善,拓展應(yīng)用光伏發(fā)電開(kāi)發(fā)空間。



“十四五”光伏發(fā)電技術(shù)發(fā)展方向及發(fā)展目標(biāo)

據(jù)預(yù)測(cè),為實(shí)現(xiàn)碳達(dá)峰、碳中和目標(biāo),到2030年,我國(guó)光伏發(fā)電裝機(jī)需要達(dá)到9~10億千瓦;到2060年,則需要達(dá)到30~35億千瓦。光伏發(fā)電在迎來(lái)空前發(fā)展機(jī)遇與發(fā)展空間的同時(shí),也面臨諸多挑戰(zhàn),光伏發(fā)電技術(shù)創(chuàng)新將成為應(yīng)對(duì)這些挑戰(zhàn)的關(guān)鍵因素。
加強(qiáng)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新,提高土地綜合利用價(jià)值,促進(jìn)光伏大規(guī)模發(fā)展。 據(jù)測(cè)算,我國(guó)太陽(yáng)能可開(kāi)發(fā)潛力可達(dá)千億千瓦量級(jí),但考慮生態(tài)紅線與基本農(nóng)田因素,約44%的國(guó)土面積不能用作光伏等新能源項(xiàng)目開(kāi)發(fā),國(guó)家林業(yè)和草原局等部門(mén)對(duì)新能源開(kāi)發(fā)要求日趨規(guī)范。在新形勢(shì)下,迫切需要進(jìn)一步提高光伏發(fā)電單位面積發(fā)電能力,減少光伏發(fā)電項(xiàng)目建設(shè)用地需求,同時(shí)加強(qiáng)土地綜合利用,提高土地利用效率。一方面,通過(guò)新材料、新技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,提高光伏電池組件轉(zhuǎn)換效率,提升光伏組件單位面積的發(fā)電能力;另一方面,不斷優(yōu)化光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)與建設(shè)水平,開(kāi)展應(yīng)用模式創(chuàng)新,加強(qiáng)光伏電站全生命周期的智能化管理和運(yùn)維,提高光伏電站的發(fā)電效率。
光伏發(fā)電并網(wǎng)性能進(jìn)一步提升,滿足高滲透率應(yīng)用要求。 隨著光伏發(fā)電在電網(wǎng)中滲透率的不斷提高,電力系統(tǒng)將迎來(lái)安全、穩(wěn)定、電能質(zhì)量、經(jīng)濟(jì)性等多方面的挑戰(zhàn)。作為構(gòu)建以新能源為主體的新型電力系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分,提升光伏發(fā)電功率預(yù)測(cè)精度、提高光伏系統(tǒng)主動(dòng)支撐與抵御電力系統(tǒng)擾動(dòng)等涉網(wǎng)性能將成為重要研究方向。
分布式光伏與其他領(lǐng)域的融合發(fā)展將成為未來(lái)光伏發(fā)電重要的組成部分。 在穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)規(guī)?;夥亟ㄔO(shè)的同時(shí),光伏建筑一體化、光伏與交通、新基建設(shè)施融合發(fā)展等新型應(yīng)用形式對(duì)光伏產(chǎn)品性能、光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)提出了新的要求,需要結(jié)合特異性場(chǎng)景應(yīng)用條件,持續(xù)推動(dòng)光伏發(fā)電相關(guān)技術(shù)的發(fā)展。
健全光伏發(fā)電全生命周期綠色產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈。 伴隨著近年我國(guó)光伏發(fā)電裝機(jī)規(guī)模的快速增長(zhǎng),生命期滿光伏組件回收問(wèn)題也日益受到關(guān)注。結(jié)合我國(guó)光伏發(fā)電規(guī)模增速,預(yù)計(jì)我國(guó)將在2040年左右集中迎來(lái)光伏組件回收處理的第一個(gè)需求高峰期。放眼長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn),在碳達(dá)峰、碳中和目標(biāo)的要求下,亟須完善到期光伏組件的無(wú)害化回收處理技術(shù),并推向產(chǎn)業(yè)化,補(bǔ)全光伏發(fā)電全生命周期綠色產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的最后一環(huán)。
強(qiáng)產(chǎn)能保障光伏發(fā)展目標(biāo)落實(shí)。 2020年,我國(guó)光伏組件產(chǎn)能2.443億千瓦,實(shí)際產(chǎn)量1.246億千瓦,約六成組件銷(xiāo)往海外,“十四五”期間仍需進(jìn)一步提高光伏產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)能保障。一方面,需要進(jìn)一步發(fā)展光伏電池、組件、逆變器等核心部件的智能化制造技術(shù),提升智能化生產(chǎn)水平,提高生產(chǎn)效率與生產(chǎn)能力;另一方面,需要進(jìn)一步開(kāi)展技術(shù)攻關(guān),盡快突破少部分關(guān)鍵制造設(shè)備零部件的國(guó)產(chǎn)化技術(shù),消除發(fā)展?jié)撛谄款i。



光伏發(fā)電技術(shù)“十四五”科技發(fā)展展望

綜合對(duì)碳達(dá)峰、碳中和形勢(shì)下光伏發(fā)電行業(yè)技術(shù)發(fā)展的需求分析,“十四五”期間,我國(guó)光伏發(fā)電技術(shù)有望延續(xù)“十三五”快速發(fā)展的勢(shì)頭,在國(guó)家整體發(fā)展目標(biāo)的指引下,重點(diǎn)針對(duì)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈中存在的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題開(kāi)展研究和突破,“補(bǔ)短板、鍛長(zhǎng)板”,不斷提升我國(guó)光伏發(fā)電行業(yè)技術(shù)水平,助力碳達(dá)峰、碳中和目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。
(一)發(fā)展高效低成本光伏電池技術(shù)
構(gòu)建高效低成本晶硅電池新業(yè)態(tài),進(jìn)一步提高晶硅電池轉(zhuǎn)換效率,推動(dòng)高效新技術(shù)廣泛應(yīng)用,提升光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)單位面積發(fā)電能力。一是重點(diǎn)針對(duì)TOPCon、HJT、IBC等新型晶體硅電池的低成本高質(zhì)量產(chǎn)業(yè)化制造技術(shù)開(kāi)展研究,發(fā)展高質(zhì)量產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)關(guān)鍵材料、工藝與裝備制造技術(shù),進(jìn)一步提高電池產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)效率與電池轉(zhuǎn)換效率,降低生產(chǎn)成本,推動(dòng)高效晶體硅電池規(guī)?;瘧?yīng)用,具體包括低成本高效清洗技術(shù)、高質(zhì)量鈍化技術(shù)、低成本金屬化技術(shù)等方面的研究。二是針對(duì)低成本高質(zhì)量硅片的生產(chǎn)制造技術(shù)開(kāi)展研究。重點(diǎn)突破低成本高效硅顆粒料制備、連續(xù)拉晶、N型與摻鎵P型硅棒制備技術(shù),從產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈源頭加強(qiáng)對(duì)規(guī)模化發(fā)展的支撐。同時(shí),發(fā)展大尺寸超薄硅片切割技術(shù),掌握超薄硅片切割工藝,完成配套設(shè)備、相關(guān)主輔材開(kāi)發(fā)及配套技術(shù)研究,實(shí)現(xiàn)大尺寸超薄硅片穩(wěn)定切割和產(chǎn)出,支持低硅成本光伏電池發(fā)展。
(二)加強(qiáng)高效鈣鈦礦電池制備與產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)研究
緊扣世界光伏技術(shù)發(fā)展熱點(diǎn),開(kāi)展新型鈣鈦礦電池制備與產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的集中攻關(guān),推動(dòng)單結(jié)鈣鈦礦電池的規(guī)模化量產(chǎn)。同時(shí),開(kāi)發(fā)高效疊層電池工藝,突破單結(jié)電池效率極限,實(shí)現(xiàn)光伏電池轉(zhuǎn)換效率的階躍式提升。一是研究大面積高效率、高穩(wěn)定性環(huán)境友好型鈣鈦礦電池成套制備技術(shù),開(kāi)發(fā)高可靠性組件級(jí)聯(lián)與封裝技術(shù),研制基于溶液法與物理法的量產(chǎn)工藝制程設(shè)備,實(shí)現(xiàn)高效單結(jié)鈣鈦礦電池產(chǎn)業(yè)化量產(chǎn)。二是開(kāi)展晶體硅/鈣鈦礦、鈣鈦礦/鈣鈦礦等高效疊層電池制備技術(shù)研究,優(yōu)化疊層結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與制備工藝,大幅提高光伏電池發(fā)電效率,逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)業(yè)化量產(chǎn)能力。
(三)推動(dòng)光伏發(fā)電并網(wǎng)性能提升
開(kāi)展新型高效大容量光伏并網(wǎng)技術(shù)研究與示范試驗(yàn),突破中壓并網(wǎng)逆變器關(guān)鍵技術(shù),開(kāi)展弱電網(wǎng)條件下耦合諧振機(jī)理及抑制策略、有功備用和儲(chǔ)能單元相結(jié)合的最優(yōu)自適應(yīng)虛擬同步技術(shù)、高功率密度中壓發(fā)電模塊優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)與系統(tǒng)集成實(shí)證測(cè)試技術(shù)等研究,研制交流直掛式中壓并網(wǎng)逆變器。突破大型光伏高效穩(wěn)定直流匯集技術(shù)瓶頸,開(kāi)展大功率高效率直流升壓變換器拓?fù)?、自律控制技術(shù)、多臺(tái)直流變換器智能串/并聯(lián)控制以及多場(chǎng)景智能運(yùn)行控制技術(shù)等研究,研制大功率直流變換器。開(kāi)展光伏發(fā)電與電力系統(tǒng)間暫穩(wěn)態(tài)特性和仿真等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究,提升光伏發(fā)電并網(wǎng)性能。
(四)推進(jìn)光伏建筑一體化等分布式技術(shù)應(yīng)用
推動(dòng)“光伏+”等分布式光伏應(yīng)用技術(shù)創(chuàng)新,拓展分布式光伏應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域,助推光伏發(fā)電高比例發(fā)展。重點(diǎn)開(kāi)展光伏屋頂、玻璃幕墻等多種形式光伏建筑一體化產(chǎn)品相關(guān)技術(shù)研究,綜合考慮建筑結(jié)構(gòu)、強(qiáng)度、防火、安全性能等因素,滿足規(guī)模化應(yīng)用需求。同時(shí)開(kāi)展產(chǎn)品模塊化、輕量化技術(shù)研究,完善相關(guān)技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與規(guī)范,推動(dòng)光伏建筑一體化以及光伏發(fā)電與其他領(lǐng)域綜合利用的規(guī)模化廣泛應(yīng)用。
(五)加強(qiáng)光伏智慧制造與設(shè)備國(guó)產(chǎn)化
構(gòu)建智慧光伏生產(chǎn)制造體系,提高生產(chǎn)制造能力,開(kāi)展關(guān)鍵集中攻關(guān),突破關(guān)鍵設(shè)備與零部件國(guó)產(chǎn)化技術(shù),解決潛在的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)瓶頸,保障未來(lái)光伏核心產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)能供應(yīng)。一是提高多晶硅等基礎(chǔ)材料生產(chǎn)、光伏電池及部件制造智能化水平,提升智能光伏終端產(chǎn)品供給能力;二是自主研發(fā)高質(zhì)量異質(zhì)結(jié)電池用核心裝備、突破高質(zhì)量制造設(shè)備用分子泵、真空閥門(mén)、電源、真空計(jì)等真空設(shè)備標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件、性能檢測(cè)設(shè)備等制造技術(shù);三是突破光伏逆變器用國(guó)產(chǎn)功率模塊、控制器芯片、數(shù)字信號(hào)處理器等關(guān)鍵零部件規(guī)?;瘧?yīng)用技術(shù);四是掌握異質(zhì)結(jié)光伏電池用低溫銀漿、濺射靶材等關(guān)鍵材料制造技術(shù)。
(六)發(fā)展光伏組件回收處理與再利用技術(shù)

針對(duì)晶硅光伏組件壽命期后大規(guī)模退役問(wèn)題,開(kāi)展光伏組件環(huán)保處理和回收的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)及裝備研究與示范試驗(yàn),實(shí)現(xiàn)主要高價(jià)值組成材料的可再利用。針對(duì)目前行業(yè)各主流產(chǎn)品類(lèi)型,開(kāi)發(fā)基于物理法和化學(xué)法的低成本綠色拆解技術(shù),掌握高價(jià)值組分高效環(huán)保分離的技術(shù)與裝備;開(kāi)發(fā)新型材料及新結(jié)構(gòu)組件的環(huán)保處理技術(shù)和實(shí)驗(yàn)平臺(tái);研究組件低損拆解及高價(jià)值組分材料高效分離等關(guān)鍵設(shè)備,實(shí)現(xiàn)退役光伏組件中銀、銅等高價(jià)值組分的高效回收和再利用。

In recent years, driven by technological progress, China's photovoltaic power generation industry has achieved rapid development, with the industrial scale and technological level reaching the world's leading level. Looking forward to the "14th Five-year plan" period, careful planning, advance layout, strengthen photovoltaic technology innovation and industrial upgrading, is to enhance the core source of power, promote high-quality, low-cost, large-scale development of photovoltaic power generation is an important guarantee.
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Development status and trend of photovoltaic power generation technology

(I) The development status of photovoltaic power generation technology in the world

Vigorously developing renewable energy has become the leading direction and concerted action of the global energy revolution and climate change. In recent years, photovoltaic power generation as an important renewable energy generation technology has achieved rapid development, in many countries has become a clean, low-carbon and price competitive energy form. In 2020, 127 million kw of new photovoltaic power generation will be installed globally, bringing the total installed capacity to 707 million kW.
Crystalline silicon cell is still the mainstream technology of photovoltaic cell industrialization, and the development of new cells is rapid. Photovoltaic cells, as the core components of the photovoltaic industry, can be divided into crystalline silicon cells, thin film cells, perovskite cells, organic cells and so on according to different processes and raw materials. Among them, crystalline silicon cells occupy the main body of large-scale production and application of photovoltaic cells due to their advantages of high conversion efficiency, rich source of raw materials, non-toxic and harmless. In recent years, the wide application of PERC (emitter passivation and back contact) technology has further promoted the improvement of conversion efficiency of crystalline silicon cells. On the other hand, new cells represented by perovskite cells have become a research hotspot worldwide, with rapid improvement in conversion efficiency. The highest conversion efficiency in the laboratory is close to crystal silicon cells, and the industrialization process is gradually advancing, but it still faces challenges in large-area application and device stability.

The refinement level of photovoltaic system has been continuously improved, and the application mode has been diversified. The number of photovoltaic system sub-lineup keeps increasing, the application proportion of 1500 VOLT photovoltaic system has gradually exceeded 1000 volt system, the safety and reliability standards of grid-connected system are constantly improved, and the power generation capacity and power quality of photovoltaic power station are constantly improved. The scale of composite applications such as "PHOTOVOLTAIC + agriculture", "photovoltaic + animal husbandry", "photovoltaic + construction" and "photovoltaic + fishery" continues to expand. The in-depth integration of photovoltaic power generation and power grid, such as microgrid and smart grid, has gradually become a new form of business in the power industry.

(ii) Development trend of photovoltaic power generation technology in the world

Countries around the world continue to deepen the layout of photovoltaic power industry chain innovation, as a major strategic measure to promote the development of emerging industries, through the comprehensive layout of advanced materials, manufacturing and system application of research and development to achieve cost reduction and competitiveness.
Photovoltaic core devices are developing towards high efficiency, low energy consumption and low cost. Crystalline silicon cells have built a complete whole industry chain, and will continue to occupy the main share of photovoltaic cell production, and will further develop towards higher conversion efficiency, less raw material consumption, lower energy consumption and lower manufacturing cost in the future. Perovskite, laminated battery as an important development direction of future photovoltaic battery technology, in this respect in every country in the world the key input, to improve the device performance and stability, and promote the industrialization of layout, after solve the problem of large area, stability, etc, perovskite battery is expected to change the industry pattern of photovoltaic application market.
Photovoltaic applications are developing towards multi-use scenarios. Countries around the world, combined with their own actual situation, actively promote the development of photovoltaic building integration, floating photovoltaic, photovoltaic + agriculture, photovoltaic carport and other new application forms, and related specific product technology, joint operation control technology and so on become the focus of research.
(iii) Current situation of Photovoltaic power generation technology in China
During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, driven by the rapid expansion of the industrial scale, China's photovoltaic power generation technology has achieved rapid development, and the industrialization mass production technology of photovoltaic cells, modules and other key components has reached the world's leading level. The production equipment and technology are constantly upgraded, and the localization is basically realized. The complete set of photovoltaic power generation system technologies have been continuously optimized and improved, and the level of intelligence has been significantly improved.
Photovoltaic cell module technology is rapidly iterating, and its industrial manufacturing level is leading the world. By the end of the "13th Five-Year Plan", China's photovoltaic cell manufacturing process has basically realized the upgrading of the traditional "polycrystalline aluminum back field" technology to "single crystal PERC" technology, and the average conversion efficiency of the mainstream large-scale crystal silicon cell has increased from 18.5% to 22.8% at the beginning of the "13th Five-Year Plan", realizing a leapfrog development. The industrialization level of TOPCon (tunnel oxidation layer passivation contact), HJT (heterojunction), IBC (back electrode contact) and other new crystalline silicon high-efficiency battery and module technology has been continuously improved. The head enterprise has repeatedly refreshed the world record of industrialization production conversion efficiency, and has large-scale production capacity and strong international competitiveness. Perovskite and other new generation of high-efficiency battery technology keep pace with the world, research institutions have repeatedly created the world record of perovskite battery laboratory conversion efficiency, some enterprises have carried out industrial production research, and repeatedly refresh the industrial production module conversion efficiency record.
The level of photovoltaic power generation manufacturing equipment has been significantly improved, and basically localization has been realized. China's photovoltaic equipment has realized the development from low-end to high-end, the degree of product customization continues to improve, high productivity and efficient automation capacity continues to improve, automation, digitalization, networking degree to promote the photovoltaic manufacturing to photovoltaic intelligent manufacturing transformation. Polysilicon silicon chip, cell chip, component production equipment has basically realized localization.
Photovoltaic power generation system technology has been continuously optimized, and intelligent operation and maintenance has helped improve power generation capacity. A large number of new technologies have been applied to the overall design and system-level optimization of PHOTOVOLTAIC power stations. Photovoltaic support tracking system and 1500 volt voltage effectively improve the actual power generation capacity of photovoltaic power generation system; Intelligent robots, drones, big data, remote monitoring and advanced communication technologies have been used in the operation of power stations.
(4) Development trend of Photovoltaic power generation technology in China
As the world's largest photovoltaic power generation application market, China has become the incubator of all kinds of new photovoltaic cell technology industrialization transformation and application. In the future, China will continue to focus on the key development direction of international photovoltaic power generation technology and lead the continuous innovation and development of global photovoltaic power generation industrialization technology.
Photovoltaic cell efficiency has been further improved. Crystalline silicon cells will remain dominant for some time, and PERC technology will dominate. N-type crystalline silicon cells using TOPCon or HJT technology are expected to become the next mainstream photovoltaic cell technology after comprehensive consideration of efficiency, cost, scale and good market competitiveness. High-efficiency photovoltaic cells based on new material systems such as perovskite cells and laminated cells are the research hotspots, which are expected to bring a step improvement in the conversion efficiency of the next photovoltaic cell after the industrialization technology is gradually mature.
Photovoltaic modules go hand in hand with high efficiency and reliability. Component technologies such as half-chip technology, imbricated technology and multi-main grid will be further widely used, and double-sided components will gradually become the mainstream of the market to improve component efficiency and power generation capacity. New packaging technology and packaging materials further improve the reliability of components.
Photovoltaic power generation system intelligent, diversified development. The inverter will develop to the direction of high-power single machine, high-voltage access and intelligence, and constantly deepen the integration with energy storage technology, and improve the level of intelligent operation and maintenance technology. The application technology of photovoltaic building integration and other new scenarios is constantly improved to expand the development space of photovoltaic power generation.
Second,
Development direction and goals of photovoltaic power generation technology in the 14th Five-Year Plan
It is predicted that in order to achieve the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, by 2030, China's installed photovoltaic power generation needs to reach 900 ~1 billion kW; By 2060, it needs to reach 3 to 3.5 gigawatts. Photovoltaic power generation in the unprecedented development opportunities and space, but also facing many challenges, photovoltaic technology innovation will become a key factor to deal with these challenges.

We will strengthen technological innovation, increase the value of comprehensive land use, and promote large-scale development of photovoltaic energy. It is estimated that the potential of solar energy development in China can reach 100 billion kilowatts, but considering the ecological red line and basic farmland, about 44% of China's land area cannot be used for photovoltaic and other new energy projects. The National Forestry and Grassland Administration and other departments have increasingly standardized requirements for new energy development. Under the new situation, it is urgent to further improve photovoltaic power generation capacity per unit area, reduce the demand for construction land for photovoltaic power generation projects, and strengthen comprehensive land use to improve land use efficiency. On the one hand, through the application of new materials and new technologies, the conversion efficiency of photovoltaic cell modules is improved, and the power generation capacity of photovoltaic modules per unit area is improved. On the other hand, the design and construction level of photovoltaic power generation system is constantly optimized, application mode innovation is carried out, and intelligent management, operation and maintenance of photovoltaic power station life cycle is strengthened to improve the power generation efficiency of photovoltaic power station.

The grid-connected performance of photovoltaic power generation is further improved to meet the requirements of high permeability applications. With the continuous improvement of photovoltaic power penetration in the power grid, the power system will face challenges in security, stability, power quality, economy and other aspects. As an important part of the construction of a new power system with new energy as the main body, it will become an important research direction to improve the prediction accuracy of photovoltaic power generation power, improve the photovoltaic system active support and resistance to power system disturbance and other grid related performance.

The integration of distributed photovoltaic and other fields will become an important part of photovoltaic power generation in the future. While steadily promoting the construction of large-scale photovoltaic bases, new application forms such as the integration of photovoltaic buildings, photovoltaic and transportation, and the integrated development of new infrastructure have put forward new requirements on the performance of photovoltaic products and photovoltaic power generation system. It is necessary to combine specific application conditions to continuously promote the development of photovoltaic power generation related technologies.

Improve the whole life cycle of photovoltaic power generation green industry chain. With the rapid growth of photovoltaic power generation installed scale in China in recent years, the issue of photovoltaic module recycling at the end of life has been increasingly concerned. Combined with the growth of photovoltaic power generation scale in China, it is expected that China will usher in the first demand peak of photovoltaic module recycling around 2040. In the long run, under the requirement of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, it is urgent to improve the harmless recycling and treatment technology of photovoltaic modules due to expire, push it to industrialization, and complete the last link of the green industry chain of the whole life cycle of photovoltaic power generation.

Strong capacity to ensure the implementation of photovoltaic development goals. In 2020, China's photovoltaic module production capacity 244.3 million kw, the actual output of 124.6 million kW, about 60% of the modules sold overseas, "14th five-year" period still need to further improve the capacity of photovoltaic products guarantee. On the one hand, it is necessary to further develop the intelligent manufacturing technology of photovoltaic cells, modules, inverters and other core components, improve the level of intelligent production, improve production efficiency and production capacity; On the other hand, it is necessary to further carry out technological breakthroughs, break through the localization technology of a small number of key manufacturing equipment components as soon as possible, and eliminate potential bottlenecks in development.

Three,

Development prospect of photovoltaic power generation technology in the 14th Five-Year Plan

Synthesis of carbon peak, carbon neutral situation needs analysis of the development of photovoltaic industry technology, during the period of "difference", photovoltaic power generation technology in China is expected to continue rapid development momentum, "much starker choices-and graver consequences-in" in the country as a whole under the guidance of development goals, focusing on the key problems existing in the industrial chain research and breakthrough, "fill the short board, long forging board", To continuously improve the technical level of China's photovoltaic power generation industry and help achieve the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality.

(1) Developing high-efficiency and low-cost photovoltaic cell technology

Build new formats of high-efficiency and low-cost crystalline silicon cells, further improve the conversion efficiency of crystalline silicon cells, promote the wide application of high-efficiency new technologies, and improve the power generation capacity per unit area of photovoltaic power generation system. One is the key for TOPCon, HJT, IBC new crystalline silicon cell, such as low cost and high quality manufacturing technology research and industrialization of key materials, development of high quality industrial production technology and equipment manufacturing technology, further improve the industrialization production efficiency and the battery conversion efficiency, reduce production costs, promote efficient crystal silicon scale applications, It includes the research of low-cost and efficient cleaning technology, high-quality passivation technology, low-cost metallization technology and so on. The second is to study the manufacturing technology of low-cost and high-quality silicon wafers. Focus on breakthroughs in low-cost and efficient silicon pellet preparation, continuous crystal drawing, n-type and gallium-doped P-type silicon rod preparation technology, strengthen support for large-scale development from the source of the industrial chain. At the same time, we will develop the large-size ultra-thin silicon wafer cutting technology, master the ultra-thin silicon wafer cutting process, complete the development of supporting equipment, related main and auxiliary materials and supporting technology research, achieve the stable cutting and output of large-size ultra-thin silicon wafer, and support the development of photovoltaic cells with low silicon cost.

(2) Strengthen the research on the preparation and industrial production technology of high-efficiency perovskite batteries

Closely follow the world's photovoltaic technology development hot spots, carry out new perovskite cell preparation and industrial production technology focus, promote the large-scale production of single-junction perovskite cell. At the same time, the efficient stacked cell process is developed to break through the efficiency limit of single junction cells and realize the step improvement of photovoltaic cell conversion efficiency. First, study the complete set of preparation technology of large-area high-efficiency, high-stability and environment-friendly perovskite battery, develop the cascade and packaging technology of high-reliability components, develop the mass production process equipment based on solution method and physical method, and realize the industrialized mass production of high-efficiency single-junction perovskite battery. The second is to carry out research on the preparation technology of high-efficiency laminated cells such as crystal silicon/perovskite and perovskite/perovskite, optimize the design of laminated structure and preparation process, greatly improve the power generation efficiency of photovoltaic cells, and gradually realize the industrial mass production capacity.
(3) Promote the grid-connected performance of photovoltaic power generation
Develop new type high efficient high-capacity photovoltaic (pv) grid technology research and demonstration test, the key technology breakthrough in medium voltage grid inverter, carry out under the condition of weak power grid coupling resonance mechanism and suppression strategies, active standby and energy storage unit with the combination of the optimal adaptive virtual synchronization technology, high power density, medium voltage power module optimization design and system integration empirical testing technology research, Ac direct - mounted medium - voltage grid-connected inverter is developed. To break the bottleneck of large photovoltaic efficient and stable DC convergence technology, carry out research on high-power and high-efficiency DC boost converter topology, self-discipline control technology, intelligent series/parallel control of multiple DC converters and multi-scene intelligent operation control technology, and develop high-power DC converters. Carry out research on key technologies such as transient steady-state characteristics and simulation between photovoltaic power generation and power system to improve grid-connected performance of photovoltaic power generation.
(4) Promoting the application of distributed technologies such as the integration of photovoltaic buildings
We will promote the "PHOTOVOLTAIC plus" and other distributed photovoltaic application technology innovation, expand the application of distributed photovoltaic, and boost the high proportion of photovoltaic power generation. Focus on the research on related technologies of photovoltaic roof, glass curtain wall and other integrated products of various forms of photovoltaic building, comprehensively consider the building structure, strength, fire prevention, safety performance and other factors to meet the needs of large-scale application. At the same time, we will carry out research on product modularization and lightweight technology, improve relevant technical standards and specifications, and promote the integration of photovoltaic buildings and large-scale and wide application of comprehensive utilization of photovoltaic power generation and other fields.
(5) Strengthening the localization of photovoltaic smart manufacturing and equipment
Build a smart photovoltaic production and manufacturing system, improve the production and manufacturing capacity, carry out key focused breakthroughs, make breakthroughs in the localization of key equipment and components, solve potential production technology bottlenecks, and ensure the supply of future photovoltaic core products. First, improve the production of polysilicon and other basic materials, the intelligent level of photovoltaic cell and component manufacturing, improve the supply capacity of intelligent photovoltaic terminal products; Second, independently research and develop core equipment for high-quality heterojunction batteries, break through manufacturing technologies such as molecular pumps, vacuum valves, power supplies, vacuum gauges and other vacuum equipment standards and performance testing equipment for high-quality manufacturing equipment; The third is to break through the large-scale application technology of domestic power modules, controller chips, digital signal processors and other key components for photovoltaic inverters; Fourth, master the manufacturing technology of key materials such as low-temperature silver paste and sputtering target materials for heterojunction photovoltaic cells.
(6) Developing photovoltaic module recovery, treatment and reuse technology
To solve the problem of large-scale decommissioning of crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules after their life, research and demonstration tests on key technologies and equipment for environmental protection treatment and recovery of photovoltaic modules will be carried out to realize the reuse of major high-value constituent materials. Develop low-cost green disassembly technology based on physical and chemical methods, and master the technology and equipment for high-value components separation with high efficiency and environmental protection, aiming at the current mainstream product types in the industry; Developing environmental protection treatment technology and experimental platform for new materials and new structural components; Research key equipment such as low-loss component disassembly and high-value material separation to realize efficient recovery and reuse of high-value components such as silver and copper in retired photovoltaic modules.

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