隨著國家推動(dòng)“雙碳”，很多人關(guān)注光伏發(fā)電，太陽能光伏發(fā)電投資靠譜嗎現(xiàn)在許多農(nóng)村的房頂和山坡上都安裝著幾排光伏板，據(jù)說是國家大力扶持的光伏發(fā)電項(xiàng)目。只需要安裝幾塊光伏板，就能靠太陽能發(fā)電賺錢，再不濟(jì)可以發(fā)電自己用。這種光伏發(fā)電項(xiàng)目真的靠譜嗎？如果真的這么好，為什么城里很少安裝呢？
      光伏發(fā)電到底是什么？光伏發(fā)電是太陽能發(fā)電的其中一種形式。我們可以將太陽能發(fā)電分為熱發(fā)電和光發(fā)電。
熱發(fā)電就是先將太陽能轉(zhuǎn)化為熱能，再將熱能轉(zhuǎn)化為電能。如半導(dǎo)體或金屬材料的溫差發(fā)電，光發(fā)電就是直接將光能轉(zhuǎn)化為電能。光發(fā)電的形式包括光伏發(fā)電，光化學(xué)發(fā)電、光感應(yīng)發(fā)電和光生物發(fā)電。目前得到實(shí)際且廣范圍運(yùn)用的就是光伏發(fā)電。光伏發(fā)電是太陽能光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的簡稱，我們常看到的光伏板，可以將太陽照射到上面的能量全部吸收，然后通過光伏組件和逆變器將吸收到的光能直接轉(zhuǎn)化為電能。
         光伏真的能賺錢嗎？收益從哪來？光伏發(fā)電的收益有三部分組成：光伏發(fā)電節(jié)約電費(fèi)的收益；光伏發(fā)電補(bǔ)貼收益；光伏發(fā)電賣電收益。光伏發(fā)電節(jié)約電費(fèi)。也就是自己的設(shè)備發(fā)電后自己用，將太陽能光伏板產(chǎn)生的直流電通過逆變器轉(zhuǎn)化為交流電后供自家的電器使用。這種模式可能會存在的問題就是，只有白天能使用自家發(fā)的電，晚上則要使用國家電網(wǎng)的電。不過也有盈余儲能的模式，就是將白天用不完的電儲存在蓄電池里，供晚上使用。
       光伏發(fā)電補(bǔ)貼收益。就是國家給補(bǔ)貼給你的錢。從前為了大力扶持光伏安裝工程，戶用光伏電站可以享受每度電3分錢的補(bǔ)貼，按照全發(fā)電量進(jìn)行補(bǔ)貼。但國家發(fā)改委決定從2022年開始不再實(shí)行補(bǔ)貼，2021年將是補(bǔ)貼的最后一年。不過除了國家的補(bǔ)貼，有些地方上也是有額外補(bǔ)貼的，而且地方制定的補(bǔ)貼政策與國家政策不沖突。
光伏發(fā)電賣電收益。如果自家盈余儲能過剩、或只想投資光伏賺錢，就可以通過余電上網(wǎng)的模式。將剩下的電能或全部電能上傳到國家電網(wǎng)，電網(wǎng)就會根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)氐娜济喊l(fā)電基準(zhǔn)價(jià)付給你收益。光伏發(fā)電賺錢到底是不是騙局？為什么城里沒人裝？很多農(nóng)村的朋友拿著半輩子的積蓄或是拆遷款，興沖沖地找到一家光伏設(shè)備公司，就往家里安裝光伏設(shè)備，坐等賺錢，但設(shè)備總是壞，一兩年就要換一次。甚至有人沒有啟動(dòng)資金，但被某些不正規(guī)的公司欺騙，貸款購買光伏設(shè)備，但是最后無良公司人去樓空，不但沒有安裝設(shè)備，自己還背上了幾萬元的貸款。
這是否就說明了，戶用光伏發(fā)電站這個(gè)項(xiàng)目，完全是個(gè)騙局呢？
       首先，光伏發(fā)電是我國扶貧減貧項(xiàng)目的重點(diǎn)工程，是精準(zhǔn)扶貧的重要手段之一，不但可以幫助老百姓脫貧，還能有效地推動(dòng)國家經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。起初是一項(xiàng)扶貧項(xiàng)目，成本由國家和公司承擔(dān)，脫貧攻堅(jiān)取得成效后，光伏發(fā)電站逐漸發(fā)展成為了一項(xiàng)惠民的投資項(xiàng)目。簡單來說，老百姓通過正規(guī)渠道安裝的光伏發(fā)電站，是一項(xiàng)真實(shí)存在的好項(xiàng)目。但是，任何一項(xiàng)惠民項(xiàng)目都會有投機(jī)公司鉆空子，使用各種營銷手段，吹噓光伏發(fā)電的收益，只給老百姓畫餅，卻不講其中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。很多求財(cái)心切的人就會上當(dāng)，買到劣質(zhì)設(shè)備，甚至直接被騙去錢財(cái)。
       既然能賺錢，為什么城里人不裝呢？
       城里的房子大多為高層樓房，要裝光伏板只能裝在樓頂，但樓頂?shù)漠a(chǎn)權(quán)并不是歸頂樓的住戶所有，如果頂樓的住戶想要建設(shè)光伏電站，要通過全體業(yè)主、物業(yè)公司和城市管理單位的同意，但一般情況下這是不可能的但是農(nóng)村的房屋屋頂產(chǎn)權(quán)沒有爭議，可以自己支配如何使用，設(shè)備拆裝自由。而且農(nóng)村的房屋普遍較矮，很少超過5層，不容易受到遮擋，可以充分地吸收陽光發(fā)電，讓發(fā)電量最大化。某個(gè)村莊光伏板已基本普及安裝.而且國家級的大型光伏發(fā)電廠也都是建在日照豐富的偏遠(yuǎn)山區(qū)，所以安裝光伏這件事是因地制宜，算是在農(nóng)村才能享有的一個(gè)項(xiàng)目，城市里想裝也裝不了。
        我想安裝光伏，怎么安裝，多久能有收益？如果是個(gè)人投資，首先要和靠譜的光伏發(fā)電設(shè)備公司簽好協(xié)議，確定好設(shè)備費(fèi)用、安裝費(fèi)用和后期的保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)用和維護(hù)費(fèi)用。一般需要購買光伏板、支架、逆變器、纜線和電表箱。安裝時(shí)可以根據(jù)安裝面積的大小，來決定要買幾塊光伏板，大概需要3~5天就能將光伏板安裝完成，最后，供電公司的工作人員上門安裝上電表箱，就能正式使用了。根據(jù)每個(gè)設(shè)備的價(jià)格，和光伏板的數(shù)量不同，一般只需要3~10萬元就能完成安裝。
       安裝完成后多久能有收益？
        假設(shè)個(gè)體安裝一個(gè)10kw的設(shè)備，價(jià)格大概是3.5元/w，投資成本大約就是35000元。如果這個(gè)房屋的屋頂占地面積為90㎡，每年發(fā)電1.2萬度，按照全額上網(wǎng)的價(jià)格是0.48元/度，每年僅賣電給電網(wǎng)的收益約有近5700元左右。一套合格的設(shè)備大概能用10年~20年，如果只能用10年，加上設(shè)備衰減，大概可以獲益50000元左右。3.5萬的投資大約需要7年回收成本，剩余3年盈利。盈利幾年要看設(shè)備的使用壽命是多少，雖說設(shè)備好成本會更高，但是發(fā)電量會更高，盈利的時(shí)間會更長，平均算下來，一套設(shè)備大概在6~7年內(nèi)能回本。在建設(shè)扶貧項(xiàng)目時(shí)，很多光伏設(shè)備都是以村站為單位的，總體的收益也比較可觀。遼寧省朝陽市朝陽縣在幾年前將光伏發(fā)電作為了重點(diǎn)的新能源產(chǎn)業(yè)項(xiàng)目，因?yàn)檫@里光照資源豐富，低山多，丘陵多，日照時(shí)間長，年均日照總時(shí)數(shù)為2861.7小時(shí)，年平均等效利用小時(shí)數(shù)1500小時(shí)以上，具備發(fā)展光伏發(fā)電產(chǎn)業(yè)的基本條件。截止2021年，朝陽縣集中建設(shè)了10處光伏發(fā)電項(xiàng)目，共計(jì)917兆瓦，村級光伏電站共有156處17.7兆瓦，戶用光伏電站達(dá)405戶2.83兆瓦。加上風(fēng)電項(xiàng)目，每年可以實(shí)現(xiàn)銷售收入5億元，年發(fā)電總量約20億千瓦時(shí)以上，每年可以節(jié)約標(biāo)煤量約80萬噸，年增加財(cái)政稅收億元以上。
        怎樣避免被騙？
       個(gè)體安裝光伏之前，不能盲目地去找光伏設(shè)備公司，需要走申請、選擇適合的安裝公司、選擇好的設(shè)備、做好后期的維護(hù)這幾步。并不是把錢交給一個(gè)光伏設(shè)備公司就完事了。
首先你需要去區(qū)縣或鄉(xiāng)一級的電網(wǎng)營業(yè)廳填寫并網(wǎng)申請書，需要攜帶身份證、戶口本、房產(chǎn)證這幾種證件；然后電網(wǎng)會派工作人員到家里勘察，確定各個(gè)設(shè)備安裝的位置，為你出具一份并網(wǎng)接入方案；接著找一家可靠的品牌或廠家，可以要求對方提供產(chǎn)品合格證、出廠檢測報(bào)告、產(chǎn)品認(rèn)證、安裝資格證等能夠證明資質(zhì)和正規(guī)性的文件，再選擇購買他們家的設(shè)備。光伏公司為你安裝完成后，就可以讓電網(wǎng)來驗(yàn)收了。
這一套流程有些復(fù)雜，但畢竟是一次投入，“躺賺”收益的項(xiàng)目，不會很容易。光伏這個(gè)項(xiàng)目，有的人說收益可觀，有人說是新型騙局。大家賺錢都不容易，誰也不想辛苦錢打水漂，如果想要做光伏投資，還是需要多研究，多對比。

With the country to promote the "double carbon", a lot of people pay attention to photovoltaic power generation, solar photovoltaic power generation investment is reliable?   You can make money from solar power by installing a few photovoltaic panels, or at least generate your own electricity.   Is this kind of photovoltaic project really viable?  If it's so good, why are there so few installations in town?  

What exactly is photovoltaic power?  Photovoltaic power generation is one form of solar power generation.  We can divide solar power generation into thermal power generation and light power generation.  

Thermal power generation is the conversion of solar energy into heat and then heat into electricity.  Such as semiconductor or metal material temperature difference power generation, light power is directly converted into electricity.  The forms of photoelectricity generation include photovoltaic power generation, photochemical power generation, photoinductive power generation and photobiological power generation.  At present, photovoltaic power generation is practical and widely used.  Photovoltaic power generation is short for solar photovoltaic power generation system. We often see photovoltaic panels, which can absorb all the energy from the sun, and then directly convert the absorbed light energy into electricity through photovoltaic modules and inverters.  

Can pv really make money?  Where does the revenue come from?  The income of photovoltaic power generation consists of three parts: the income of photovoltaic power generation saving electricity;  Photovoltaic subsidy income;   Revenue from photovoltaic power generation sales.  Photovoltaic power saves electricity.  That is, after their own equipment power generation for their own use, the direct current generated by solar photovoltaic panels through the inverter into ac power for their own appliances to use.  One possible problem with this model is that you can only use home-generated electricity during the day and use electricity from the national grid at night.  But there are also surplus storage models, which store excess electricity in a storage battery during the day for use at night.  

Photovoltaic subsidy revenue.  It's the money the state gives you as a subsidy.  In the past, in order to vigorously support photovoltaic installation projects, household photovoltaic power stations could enjoy a subsidy of 3 cents per kilowatt hour, based on the total output of the subsidy.  But the National Development and Reform Commission decided to end the subsidy from 2022, and 2021 will be the last year.  However, in addition to the state subsidies, some localities also have additional subsidies, and the local subsidy policies and national policies do not conflict.  

Revenue from photovoltaic power generation sales.  If their surplus energy storage surplus, or just want to invest in photovoltaic to make money, you can use the mode of surplus electricity to access the Internet.  Upload the rest, or all of it, to the national Grid, which will pay you based on the local benchmark rate for coal-fired power.  Is photovoltaic making money a scam?  Why isn't anyone in town wearing one?  Many rural friends with half of their life savings or demolition money, excitedly find a photovoltaic equipment company, to install photovoltaic equipment at home, waiting to make money, but the equipment is always broken, will be replaced once a year or two.  Some people even have no start-up capital, but were cheated by some irregular companies, loans to buy photovoltaic equipment, but in the end, the unscrupulous company deserted, not only did not install equipment, he also carried a loan of tens of thousands of yuan.  

Does this mean that the residential photovoltaic plant project is a total sham?  

First of all, photovoltaic power generation is a key project of poverty alleviation and poverty reduction projects in China, which is one of the important means of targeted poverty alleviation. It can not only help people get rid of poverty, but also effectively promote the sustainable development of the national economy.   Originally a poverty alleviation project, the cost was borne by the state and the company. After the success of poverty alleviation, the photovoltaic power plant gradually developed into an investment project benefiting the people.  Simply put, photovoltaic power plants installed by ordinary people through formal channels are a real good project.  However, any benefit to the people project will have speculative companies to exploit loopholes, the use of a variety of marketing methods, boast about the benefits of photovoltaic power generation, only to the people draw cake, but do not speak of the risks.  Many money-hungry people fall into the trap of buying inferior equipment or even being cheated out of their money.  

Why don't city people fake it when they can make money?  

House in the city high-rise buildings, mostly to the photovoltaic panels can only be installed on the roof, but the roof of the property right is not all belong to the top floor of the residents, if the top floor of the building photovoltaic power station residents want to, to go through all of the owners, property management companies and urban management unit, but in general this is impossible but the countryside house property rights without controversy over the roof,   You can control how to use, free disassembly equipment.  Moreover, rural houses are generally shorter, rarely more than five stories, which are not easily sheltered and can fully absorb sunlight to generate electricity, so as to maximize power generation.  Photovoltaic panels have been installed in a village.  Moreover, national large-scale photovoltaic power plants are also built in remote mountainous areas rich in sunlight, so the installation of photovoltaic is a matter of local conditions, which can be enjoyed in rural areas, but can not be installed in cities.  

I want to install pv, how do I install it, and how long will it take to pay for it?  If it is a personal investment, the first thing to do is to sign a good agreement with a reliable photovoltaic power generation equipment company to determine the cost of equipment, installation costs and later insurance costs and maintenance costs.   It is generally necessary to purchase photovoltaic panels, brackets, inverters, cables and meter boxes.  When installing, you can decide to buy several photovoltaic panels according to the size of the installation area. It takes about 3 to 5 days to complete the installation of photovoltaic panels. Finally, the staff of the power supply company come to install the meter box, and it can be formally used.   Depending on the price of each equipment, and the number of photovoltaic panels, generally only need 30,000 to 100,000 yuan to complete the installation.  

How long will it take to pay for the installation?  

If an individual installs a 10KW device, the price is about 3.5 yuan/W, and the investment cost is about 35,000 yuan.  If the roof of this house covers an area of 90 square meters and generates 12,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity per year, the price of full Internet access is 0.48 yuan/kilowatt-hour, and the annual income from electricity sold to the power grid is about 5,700 yuan.  A set of qualified equipment can probably be used for 10 ~20 years, if only 10 years, plus equipment attenuation, probably can benefit about 50000 yuan.  It takes about 7 years to recover the cost of an investment of 35,000 yuan and the remaining 3 years to make a profit.  Profit depends on the service life of the equipment for several years. Although the cost of good equipment will be higher, the power generation will be higher and the profit time will be longer. On average, a set of equipment can recoup capital in about 6~7 years.  In the construction of poverty alleviation projects, many photovoltaic equipment are based on village stations, and the overall income is considerable.   Chaoyang chaoyang county, liaoning province in a few years ago the photovoltaic power generation as the key project of new energy industry, because it is abundant light resources, low mountains, hills, sunshine time is long, the annual average sunshine hours for 2861.7 hours, annual average equivalent hours with more than 1500 hours, are the basic conditions of the development of photovoltaic industry.  By 2021, Chaoyang County has concentrated the construction of 10 photovoltaic power generation projects, a total of 917 MW, 156 village-level photovoltaic power stations of 17.7 MW, household photovoltaic power stations of 405 2.83 MW.   With the addition of the wind power project, the annual sales revenue can reach 500 million yuan, the annual total power generation is more than 2 billion KWH, and the annual standard coal quantity can be saved about 800,000 tons, and the annual tax revenue can be increased more than 100 million yuan.  

How to avoid being cheated?  

Before individual installation of photovoltaic, can not blindly go to the photovoltaic equipment company, need to go to apply for, choose the right installation company, choose good equipment, do a good job in the later maintenance of these steps.   It's not just handing over money to a photovoltaic equipment company.  

First of all, you need to go to the county or township level of the power grid business hall to fill in the grid application, need to carry id card, household registration, real estate certificate these documents;   The grid will then send someone to your home to determine where the equipment will be installed and provide you with a plan for connecting to the grid.  Then find a reliable brand or manufacturer, can ask the other party to provide product certificate, factory test report, product certification, installation qualification certificate and other documents to prove the qualification and regularity, and then choose to buy their equipment.   Photovoltaic companies for your installation, you can let the grid to accept.  

This process is a little complicated, but after all, it is an investment, "lying to earn" income project, not very easy.  Photovoltaic is a project that some say is lucrative, others say is a new scam.  Everyone is not easy to make money, no one wants to lose money hard, if you want to do photovoltaic investment, or need more research, more comparison.