2021 年，有 15 家光伏上市公司的總市值超過(guò)了 500 億元，其中 11 家總市值漲破千億，更有 多達(dá)百余家企業(yè)跨界入局，鏖戰(zhàn)光伏新賽道 。

在雙碳目標(biāo)指引下，光伏行業(yè)迎來(lái)了真正的爆發(fā)期。光伏也成為了一個(gè)令人“眼饞”的行業(yè)。 尤其是在下游電站端，企業(yè)扎堆最為集中 。2020年以來(lái)，先后有65家企業(yè)布局電站開(kāi)發(fā)業(yè)務(wù)，各有側(cè)重。

新老玩家踴躍布局光伏、積極競(jìng)爭(zhēng)推動(dòng)行業(yè)發(fā)展，自然是好事一樁。然而， 光伏行業(yè)堪稱(chēng)最復(fù)雜的行業(yè)之一，下游電站開(kāi)發(fā)端更是利益方眾多，門(mén)門(mén)道道，彎彎繞繞。

眾多老玩家歷經(jīng)風(fēng)風(fēng)雨雨，摸爬滾打，終于各自攢出了一身經(jīng)驗(yàn)，足以自保。

新玩家們，進(jìn)門(mén)無(wú)好禮相送，奉上一篇 “避坑指南”。

一、前期開(kāi)發(fā)篇

???????????????????????????1.選址用地

（1）集中式光伏——項(xiàng)目用地難

光伏項(xiàng)目開(kāi)發(fā)炙手可熱、企業(yè)“跑馬圈地”來(lái)勢(shì)洶洶。

2021年初至今，已有53家電站投資商簽約了超過(guò)240GW的光伏項(xiàng)目，覆蓋29個(gè)省市自治區(qū)。

如今，光伏宜建土地越發(fā)緊張，項(xiàng)目開(kāi)發(fā)用地愈發(fā)受限。

2016年8月，福建省最大的光伏與農(nóng)業(yè)綜合開(kāi)發(fā)項(xiàng)目——漳浦綠領(lǐng)農(nóng)業(yè)科技大棚光伏電站，在持續(xù)建設(shè)了一年多以后，卻遭到罰款并限期拆除。

2020年8月，內(nèi)蒙古烏蘭察布市對(duì)草原上在建運(yùn)營(yíng)的礦山、風(fēng)電光伏等項(xiàng)目限期退出，拆除部分已建項(xiàng)目。

2021年7月，毛烏素沙漠邊緣一個(gè)300MW的光伏項(xiàng)目，因涉及光伏土地性質(zhì)問(wèn)題遭到當(dāng)?shù)卮迕褡韫ぃ@項(xiàng)由榆林能源旗下公司投入16.52億元建設(shè)的大項(xiàng)目，至今仍未能繼續(xù)施工。

突然被叫停備案，甚至被拆除，原因無(wú)他， 就是踩了土地性質(zhì)的“坑”。

避坑指南：

????我國(guó)土地可以分為農(nóng)用地、建設(shè)用地、未利用地三大類(lèi)。下表根據(jù)國(guó)家現(xiàn)有的土地政策，對(duì)不同性質(zhì)的土地是否可以用作光伏電站場(chǎng)址做了區(qū)分。其中，紅色代表不能做場(chǎng)址，黃色代表部分可用、但有限定條件，綠色代表可用。

表 1：我國(guó)的土地性質(zhì)分類(lèi)

從上表可以看到，農(nóng)業(yè)用地一般是禁止建設(shè)光伏項(xiàng)目的 ，一片紅。

不過(guò)農(nóng)用地也并非絕對(duì)不能碰。在“農(nóng)光互補(bǔ)”的光伏開(kāi)發(fā)模式出現(xiàn)后，國(guó)家為了予以支持，允許小部分“農(nóng)業(yè)用地”通過(guò)農(nóng)光互補(bǔ)的形式開(kāi)展。

各省針對(duì)光伏復(fù)合項(xiàng)目（特別是農(nóng)光、漁光項(xiàng)目）的最新政策規(guī)定 ，現(xiàn)總結(jié)如下：

①.光伏復(fù)合項(xiàng)目依舊不允許占用基本農(nóng)田，涉林部分需遵循《國(guó)家林業(yè)局關(guān)于光伏電站建設(shè)使用林地有關(guān)問(wèn)題的通知》。

②對(duì)于光伏陣列等設(shè)施架設(shè)在農(nóng)用地上，在對(duì)土地不造成實(shí)際壓占、不改變地表形態(tài)、不影響農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的前提下，可按原地類(lèi)認(rèn)定，不改變土地用途（含直埋電纜）。變電站及運(yùn)營(yíng)管理中心、集電線(xiàn)路桿塔基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施用地，按建設(shè)用地管理，依法辦理建設(shè)用地審批手續(xù)。

③一般規(guī)定：農(nóng)光互補(bǔ)組件最低點(diǎn)距地不小于2.5米，樁基間距大于4米，行間距應(yīng)大于6米；漁光互補(bǔ)組件最低點(diǎn)應(yīng)高于最高水位0.6米；林光互補(bǔ)光伏支架不得低于所種植樹(shù)木最高點(diǎn)1米以上。

（2）分布式光伏——屋頂落實(shí)難

地面光伏用地難，屋頂光伏想找到合適的屋頂也不容易，總結(jié)起來(lái)就是常常碰到以下三大坑：

一是房屋不合法坑 。

這個(gè)問(wèn)題主要出現(xiàn)在戶(hù)用光伏項(xiàng)目開(kāi)發(fā)中，房屋本身就是違法、違建建筑，那么房屋被拆除，電站也將同樣面臨被拆除、禁用的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，從而給投資方帶來(lái)?yè)p失。

避坑指南：

投資企業(yè)在與屋頂所有人簽署租賃合同之前，須要求房屋面所有人提供四證，包含：1）竣工驗(yàn)收證明、2）建筑工程規(guī)劃許可證、3）消防驗(yàn)收證明、4）房屋產(chǎn)權(quán)證明。

同時(shí)，投資人須安排開(kāi)發(fā)人員前往當(dāng)?shù)夭粍?dòng)產(chǎn)登記部門(mén)對(duì)屋面所有人提供的房屋、土地等的產(chǎn)權(quán)進(jìn)行盡職調(diào)查，確定房屋、土地是否存在抵押情況。并在屋面租賃協(xié)議或合同能源管理協(xié)議中增加因屋面所有人實(shí)行抵押權(quán)的賠償條款。

二是租賃被迫中斷坑。

租賃合同的最長(zhǎng)期限為20年，而光伏項(xiàng)目有可能運(yùn)營(yíng)周期超出該20年期限。為使場(chǎng)地租賃期限覆蓋項(xiàng)目存續(xù)期限，一般會(huì)簽兩份或者多份分合同，嵌套銜接，實(shí)現(xiàn)光伏電站25年的穩(wěn)定收益。

但現(xiàn)實(shí)是，會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些屋主因?yàn)楦鞣N原因中斷屋頂出租，拒絕續(xù)簽合同，或以漲價(jià)為交換，造成投資方收益受損。

避坑指南：

明確在屋頂租賃合同中約定租賃周期為20年，并同時(shí)約定：租賃合同到期之后，雙方對(duì)租賃合同以 補(bǔ)充協(xié)議形式續(xù)簽5年，且價(jià)格不變 。

三是屋頂拆遷、易主坑。

2021年7月，新華財(cái)經(jīng)報(bào)道了河北一個(gè)分布式光伏項(xiàng)目案例。項(xiàng)目投資6000萬(wàn)，投產(chǎn)一年，屋頂就被要求拆除，投資企業(yè)損失達(dá)億元！

的確，隨著城市的快速發(fā)展，我國(guó)建筑物的壽命正在縮短，工業(yè)廠房尤其容易成為被拆遷的對(duì)象。而房屋拆遷必然帶來(lái)屋頂光伏電站的拆遷。

另外，要找一個(gè)穩(wěn)定經(jīng)營(yíng)25年以上的企業(yè)也不容易。屋頂業(yè)主一旦倒閉，屋頂就面臨易主的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而易主之后新的業(yè)主是否會(huì)接受屋頂光伏項(xiàng)目，不好把握.

避坑指南：

提前與屋面出租人進(jìn)行約定對(duì)建筑物所有人自身經(jīng)營(yíng)不善造成的停產(chǎn)、停業(yè)損失及房屋面臨征收時(shí)的停產(chǎn)停業(yè)造成的太陽(yáng)能電站損失的計(jì)算依據(jù)及征收補(bǔ)償?shù)姆峙浔壤?，以保護(hù)投資人的合法權(quán)益。

2.稅費(fèi)與租金

在多方確認(rèn)土地或屋頂可以使用之后，還需要繳納相關(guān)費(fèi)用——土地稅費(fèi)和屋頂租金，而 費(fèi)用繳納遠(yuǎn)不是“一手交錢(qián)，一手交地”這么簡(jiǎn)單 。

（1）集中式光伏——稅費(fèi)復(fù)雜、租金上漲。

地面光伏電站涉及的主要稅費(fèi)有很多種：全國(guó)工業(yè)用地出讓最低價(jià)、耕地占用稅、草原植被恢復(fù)費(fèi)、森林植被恢復(fù)費(fèi)，城鎮(zhèn)土地使用稅、新增建設(shè)用地有償使用費(fèi)等等。其中，全國(guó)工業(yè)用地出讓最低價(jià)、耕地占用稅、草原植被恢復(fù)費(fèi)和新增建設(shè)用地有償使用費(fèi)是一次性繳納，城鎮(zhèn)土地使用稅是每年繳納。

避坑指南：

各類(lèi)稅費(fèi)具體收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下：

城鎮(zhèn)土地使用稅

耕地占用稅

耕地是指用于種植農(nóng)作物的土地；占用林地、牧草地、農(nóng)田水利用地、養(yǎng)殖水面以及漁業(yè)水域?yàn)┩康绕渌r(nóng)用地建房或者從事非農(nóng)業(yè)建設(shè)的，比照本條例的規(guī)定征收耕地占用稅。

全國(guó)工業(yè)用地出讓最低價(jià) 光伏發(fā)電屬工業(yè)項(xiàng)目，工業(yè)用地出讓最低價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為60元/平方米，即4萬(wàn)元/畝。

森林植被恢復(fù)費(fèi) 宜林地每平米收取不低于3元的森林植被恢復(fù)費(fèi)，灌木林地不低于6元，關(guān)于森林植被恢復(fù)費(fèi)的實(shí)際征收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，還要到當(dāng)?shù)亓謽I(yè)主管部門(mén)和財(cái)政稅務(wù)具體了解。

新增建設(shè)用地有償使用費(fèi) 國(guó)家根據(jù)新增建設(shè)用地所在地區(qū)，一共把新增建設(shè)用地土地等別劃分為15等，具體征收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)從10元每平米至140元每平米不等，具體見(jiàn)下表：

除了繁雜的稅費(fèi)外，目前隨著合適的光伏建設(shè)用地越來(lái)越少，用地價(jià)格一路飆升，項(xiàng)目用地成本在總投資中所占比重越來(lái)越大。企業(yè)往往會(huì)低估此項(xiàng)費(fèi)用，甚至是大相徑庭。而一旦出現(xiàn)這個(gè)問(wèn)題，則會(huì)對(duì)企業(yè)的資金流動(dòng)帶來(lái)額外的壓力。

避坑指南：

目前，我國(guó)西部省份的土地租金大部分在200-300元/畝/年左右，但中東部的租金價(jià)格正在逐步推高，湖北、湖南是今年備案比較火爆的地區(qū)，租金約為600元/畝/年左右。而更靠東部的省份，例如山東、江蘇以及河北等部分地區(qū)，土地租金高達(dá)700-800元/畝/年，農(nóng)光、漁光等復(fù)合項(xiàng)目用地的價(jià)格基本在1000-1500元/畝/年左右，也有個(gè)別地區(qū)項(xiàng)目用地成本已突破2000元/畝/年。

土地來(lái)之不易，建議企業(yè)在項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，盡可能降低項(xiàng)目的占地大小，降低項(xiàng)目的投資成本；同時(shí)，當(dāng)項(xiàng)目的土地面積確定時(shí)，可以通過(guò)縮小陣列間距，增加裝機(jī)容量的方式提高項(xiàng)目的土地利用率。

（2）分布式光伏——屋頂漲價(jià)

物以稀為貴，隨著屋頂資源的減少， 屋頂租金也水漲船高。

2015年左右，我國(guó)分布式光伏項(xiàng)目還比較少，屋頂租金一般為2~3元/㎡；而時(shí)間來(lái)到2021年，屋頂租金已經(jīng)上漲到8~10元/㎡，翻了3倍不止，還要疊加電費(fèi)打折。

這種情況下，一些老項(xiàng)目的業(yè)主就會(huì)要求租金價(jià)格上漲。為了讓業(yè)主不要漲價(jià)，開(kāi)發(fā)商往往會(huì)維護(hù)好關(guān)系，逢年過(guò)節(jié)該請(qǐng)客請(qǐng)客，該送禮送禮。

但隨著物價(jià)的變化，未來(lái)屋頂租金上漲大概率是免不了了。

實(shí)際上，租金上漲1~2元/㎡對(duì)項(xiàng)目的整體收益影響并不會(huì)太大，但是會(huì)對(duì)原有的財(cái)務(wù)模型和預(yù)期收益產(chǎn)生重大影響，而如果持續(xù)上漲更是讓人頭疼的事情。

避坑指南：

開(kāi)發(fā)商在做財(cái)務(wù)模型的時(shí)候，最好 把屋頂租金設(shè)置成過(guò)2~3年上漲一次的模式。

二、施工篇

光伏項(xiàng)目的施工過(guò)程雖然是由開(kāi)發(fā)企業(yè)自行把控“大權(quán)”，受外界因素影響較小，但仍有幾個(gè)方面存在“動(dòng)態(tài)”風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，需要重視。

1、地方補(bǔ)貼獲取風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

目前，雖然對(duì)光伏項(xiàng)目的國(guó)家補(bǔ)貼已經(jīng)全部退場(chǎng)，但地方補(bǔ)貼在短時(shí)間內(nèi)還未退出。光伏電站開(kāi)發(fā)企業(yè)把握好時(shí)機(jī)，才能拿到豐厚補(bǔ)貼。

避坑指南：

第一時(shí)間獲取地方政府關(guān)于補(bǔ)貼的實(shí)施細(xì)則，并與政府政策接口人就補(bǔ)貼范圍及規(guī)模予以二次確認(rèn)，特別是針對(duì)補(bǔ)貼政策存在設(shè)備采購(gòu)限制要求的，需提前提交公司采購(gòu)部以便指導(dǎo)設(shè)備采購(gòu)計(jì)劃，確保項(xiàng)目可享受到地方補(bǔ)貼。

2、電站指標(biāo)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

各省新建光伏項(xiàng)目的指標(biāo)并非無(wú)所限制，也不是所有的光伏電站都能取到指標(biāo)。

避坑指南：????????????????????????????

項(xiàng)目的實(shí)施及資金計(jì)劃需緊密的結(jié)合電站指標(biāo)的確認(rèn)情況，項(xiàng)目實(shí)施之前，電站開(kāi)發(fā)人員需與當(dāng)?shù)厥“l(fā)改委建立有效的信息獲取機(jī)制， 了解項(xiàng)目省級(jí)備案規(guī)模及年度指標(biāo)體量 。并隨時(shí)了解同一批備案項(xiàng)目的實(shí)時(shí)進(jìn)度，確保項(xiàng)目實(shí)施計(jì)劃及實(shí)際進(jìn)度符合項(xiàng)目取得指標(biāo)的條件。

3、電力接入與消納風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

有些生活在農(nóng)村的朋友反映，家里屋頂很大，想裝光伏結(jié)果村落里不讓?zhuān)@是為啥？這就是與當(dāng)?shù)氐淖儔浩魅萘坑嘘P(guān)。

每個(gè)村里的變壓器都是有容量限制的，并網(wǎng)光伏也不是說(shuō)無(wú)限量供應(yīng)。

目前，雖然戶(hù)用光伏接入容量低于變壓器25%的規(guī)定已取消，但根據(jù)各地電壓局的有關(guān)規(guī)定，最高安裝容量不能超過(guò)變壓器容量的100%，也就是說(shuō)如果一個(gè)村子里有兩臺(tái)100千伏安的變壓器，也就是200千伏安，那么這個(gè)村最多只能安裝200千瓦的光伏電站。

因此，分布式光伏項(xiàng)目開(kāi)發(fā)前必須排除電力接入風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，以免做無(wú)用功。

避坑指南：

項(xiàng)目前期開(kāi)發(fā)工作中，開(kāi)發(fā)人員與當(dāng)?shù)仉娋W(wǎng)公司發(fā)展策劃部積極溝通并收集資料，掌握當(dāng)?shù)仉娋W(wǎng)供電現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展規(guī)劃，明確當(dāng)?shù)仉娋W(wǎng)及電力市場(chǎng)是否有足夠用電容量可消納項(xiàng)目發(fā)電量，當(dāng)?shù)匾呀ǔ傻奶?yáng)能發(fā)電項(xiàng)目是否有棄光的現(xiàn)象發(fā)生。

基于掌握了當(dāng)?shù)仉娋W(wǎng)的情況后，建議 適當(dāng)調(diào)整項(xiàng)目的超裝規(guī)模，使項(xiàng)目的發(fā)電容量能被國(guó)家電網(wǎng)接納、發(fā)電量能被當(dāng)?shù)仉娏κ袌?chǎng)消納，降低限電棄光情況的發(fā)生。

三、后期運(yùn)營(yíng)篇

后期運(yùn)營(yíng)問(wèn)題主要存在于分布式光伏項(xiàng)目中。畢竟光伏電站是裝在人家的屋頂上，投資企業(yè)總是處于被動(dòng)地位。

以下這些坑，常常讓開(kāi)發(fā)企業(yè)陷入“恨不得把電站拆了”卻拆不了的尷尬境地。

1、欠電費(fèi)坑

2020年，一則《被拖欠600萬(wàn)電費(fèi)的背后：工商業(yè)分布式光伏的無(wú)奈和痛楚》在光伏人的朋友圈傳遍，講述了一家光伏企業(yè)倒霉遇上了拖欠電費(fèi)的“老賴(lài)”，并被拖欠了600多萬(wàn)的“駭人”故事。

2020年2月，隆基新能源旗下的山東省曹縣樂(lè)照光伏科技有限公司一紙狀書(shū)將山東富洋工藝有限公司、山東省曹普工藝有限公司告上了法庭。據(jù)了解，樂(lè)照光伏被這兩家累計(jì)拖欠電費(fèi)超600萬(wàn)元，并被拒絕對(duì)相關(guān)光伏電站進(jìn)行運(yùn)營(yíng)維護(hù)。

事實(shí)上，樂(lè)照光伏電費(fèi)收取困難這一問(wèn)題并非特例。

數(shù)家分布式光伏投資商表示：電費(fèi)拖欠的情況并不是少數(shù)，80%都存在電費(fèi)糾紛問(wèn)題，這是影響分布式光伏收益最大的一個(gè)坑！

拖欠電費(fèi)的問(wèn)題為什么一直難以解決？有投資商憤慨表示：“一旦與業(yè)主企業(yè)對(duì)簿公堂，基本意味著這個(gè)項(xiàng)目要廢掉了，后期運(yùn)維都很難操作，人家把門(mén)一堵，就是不讓你進(jìn)，你有什么辦法？”

的確是好大一個(gè)坑！

避坑指南：

投資人與用電方首先確認(rèn)太陽(yáng)能電站電表計(jì)量裝置起始時(shí)間和起始讀數(shù)，在合同能源管理協(xié)議中約定 以供電部門(mén)計(jì)量的起始時(shí)間和起始讀數(shù)為參照 。

同時(shí)，為了避免在電站運(yùn)營(yíng)期內(nèi)用電人與電站投資人產(chǎn)生沖突等原因而拒交或拖欠電費(fèi)等情況的發(fā)生。 投資人須在項(xiàng)目實(shí)施前借助鄧白氏等第三方評(píng)測(cè)機(jī)構(gòu)充分調(diào)查用電人的財(cái)務(wù)狀況和信用度 ，綜合評(píng)估用電人拖欠電費(fèi)的可能性，并在合同能源管理協(xié)議中明確約定拖欠電費(fèi)的違約責(zé)任。

2、背鍋坑

分布式光伏項(xiàng)目往往建設(shè)在并不具備專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)的用戶(hù)屋頂上，這就導(dǎo)致光伏在走向千家萬(wàn)戶(hù)的同時(shí)，出現(xiàn)了很多極不專(zhuān)業(yè)性現(xiàn)象，以及大量常識(shí)性錯(cuò)誤。

最常見(jiàn)的，有用戶(hù)在屋頂光伏曬衣服、曬辣椒、曬蘿卜干；有用戶(hù)認(rèn)為光伏電站有輻射，電站見(jiàn)得時(shí)候沒(méi)意見(jiàn)，建成后一旦家里有人生病，甚至是動(dòng)物生病，也會(huì)認(rèn)為是光伏發(fā)電的電磁輻射造成的；還有用戶(hù)在屋頂上裝這裝那，導(dǎo)致原本足夠承載光伏板重量的屋頂荷載不夠了，出現(xiàn)屋頂主梁變形的情況。最后都要光伏人來(lái)背鍋！

?????????????????????????????????避坑指南：

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要實(shí)現(xiàn)“全民光伏”，必須同時(shí)進(jìn)行“全民光伏科普”，否則“不專(zhuān)業(yè)”就是一個(gè)大坑。裝光伏之前，有條件的情況下，對(duì)用戶(hù)做一下簡(jiǎn)單的光伏運(yùn)維知識(shí)的培訓(xùn)！

In 2021, the total market value of 15 photovoltaic listed companies exceeded 50billion yuan, of which 11 had a total market value of more than 100 billion yuan, and more than 100 enterprises entered the market across borders to compete in the new photovoltaic circuit.
Be sure to accept this pit avoidance guide for photovoltaic in 2022
Under the guidance of the double carbon target, the photovoltaic industry has ushered in a real explosion period. Photovoltaic has also become a "greedy" industry. Especially at the downstream power station, enterprises are most concentrated. Since 2020, 65 enterprises have successively laid out power station development business, each with its own emphasis.
It is a good thing for new and old players to actively layout PV and actively compete to promote the development of the industry. However, the photovoltaic industry can be regarded as one of the most complex industries. There are many interested parties at the development end of the downstream power station, and there are many twists and turns.
Many old players have gone through ups and downs, and finally accumulated their own experience, which is enough to protect themselves.
New players, no good gifts to send when entering the door, present a "pit avoidance guide".
Be sure to accept this pit avoidance guide for photovoltaic in 2022
1、 Preliminary development
Mr. Mr. 1 Site selection land
(1) Centralized photovoltaic - difficult land for the project
The development of photovoltaic projects is hot, and the "horse racing enclosure" of enterprises is threatening.
Since the beginning of 2021, 53 home appliance station investors have signed more than 240gw of photovoltaic projects, covering 29 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions.
Nowadays, the land suitable for photovoltaic construction is becoming more and more scarce, and the land for project development is becoming more and more restricted.
In August, 2016, Zhangpu Lvling agricultural science and technology greenhouse photovoltaic power station, the largest photovoltaic and agricultural comprehensive development project in Fujian Province, was fined and demolished within a time limit after continuous construction for more than a year.
In August, 2020, Wulanchabu, Inner Mongolia, withdrew from the mining, wind power and photovoltaic projects under construction and operation on the grassland within a time limit, and demolished some of the existing projects.
In July, 2021, a 300MW photovoltaic project at the edge of Maowusu Desert was blocked by local villagers due to the nature of photovoltaic land. This large project invested 1.652 billion yuan by Yulin Energy has not been continued.
Be sure to accept this pit avoidance guide for photovoltaic in 2022
(300 MW photovoltaic power station project site of Yuneng Changxing company)
It was suddenly stopped for filing or even removed for no other reason than stepping on the "pit" of the nature of the land.
Pit avoidance guidelines:
Our land can be divided into three categories: agricultural land, construction land and unused land. The following table distinguishes whether the land of different nature can be used as the site of photovoltaic power station according to the existing national land policy. Among them, red represents that the site cannot be used, yellow represents that some are available but with limited conditions, and green represents that it is available.
Table 1: classification of land properties in China
Be sure to accept this pit avoidance guide for photovoltaic in 2022
Be sure to accept this pit avoidance guide for photovoltaic in 2022
Be sure to accept this pit avoidance guide for photovoltaic in 2022
As can be seen from the above table, agricultural land is generally forbidden to build photovoltaic projects, which is very popular.
However, agricultural land is not absolutely untouchable. After the emergence of the photovoltaic development mode of "agricultural light complementation", the state allowed a small part of "agricultural land" to be carried out in the form of agricultural light complementation in order to support it.
The latest policies and regulations of each province for photovoltaic composite projects (especially agricultural and fishery light projects) are summarized as follows:
①  Photovoltaic composite projects are still not allowed to occupy basic farmland, and the forest related parts shall comply with the notice of the State Forestry Administration on issues related to the construction and use of forest land for photovoltaic power stations.
② For photovoltaic arrays and other facilities erected on agricultural land, on the premise of no actual occupation of the land, no change in surface morphology and no impact on agricultural production, they can be identified according to the original land type and no change in land use (including directly buried cables). The land for substation, operation management center and collection line tower infrastructure shall be managed as construction land, and the approval procedures for construction land shall be handled according to law.
③ General provisions: the lowest point of the agricultural optical complementary components shall be no less than 2.5m from the ground, the pile foundation spacing shall be more than 4m, and the row spacing shall be more than 6m; The lowest point of the fish light complementary component shall be 0.6m higher than the highest water level; The forest light complementary photovoltaic support shall not be less than 1 m below the highest point of the planted trees.
(2) Distributed photovoltaic - difficult to implement on the roof
It is difficult to use land for ground PV, and it is not easy to find a suitable roof for roof PV. To sum up, the following three pits are often encountered:
First, illegal housing.
This problem mainly occurs in the development of household photovoltaic projects. The house itself is an illegal building. If the house is demolished, the power station will also face the risk of being demolished and banned, thus causing losses to the investor.
Pit avoidance guidelines:
Before signing the lease contract with the roof owner, the investment enterprise must require the roof owner to provide four certificates, including: 1) completion acceptance certificate, 2) construction project planning license, 3) fire acceptance certificate and 4) house property right certificate.
Meanwhile, the investor shall arrange the developer to go to the local real estate registration department to conduct due diligence on the property rights of the houses and land provided by the roof owner to determine whether the houses and land are mortgaged. In addition, the compensation clause for the mortgage of the roof owner shall be added to the roof lease agreement or the contract energy management agreement.
Be sure to accept this pit avoidance guide for photovoltaic in 2022
Second, the lease was forced to be interrupted.
The maximum term of the lease contract is 20 years, and the PV project is likely to operate beyond this 20-year term. In order to make the lease term of the site cover the duration of the project, two or more sub contracts are generally signed, nested and connected, so as to realize the stable income of the photovoltaic power station for 25 years.
But the reality is that some homeowners will interrupt the roof rental for various reasons, refuse to renew the contract, or exchange the price increase, resulting in damage to the investor's income.
Pit avoidance guidelines:
It is clearly stipulated in the roof lease contract that the lease period is 20 years, and it is also agreed that after the expiration of the lease contract, both parties will renew the lease contract in the form of a supplementary agreement for 5 years, with the price unchanged.
The third is the roof demolition and changing of the main pit.
In July, 2021, Xinhua Finance reported a distributed photovoltaic project in Hebei. The investment of the project is 60million yuan. After one year of operation, the roof was required to be removed, and the loss of the investment enterprise reached billion yuan!
Indeed, with the rapid development of cities, the life of buildings in China is shortening, and industrial plants are particularly easy to be demolished. The house demolition will inevitably lead to the demolition of the roof photovoltaic power station.
In addition, it is not easy to find an enterprise that has operated stably for more than 25 years. Once the roof owner goes bankrupt, the roof will face the risk of changing ownership, and it is uncertain whether the new owner will accept the roof photovoltaic project after the change of ownership
Be sure to accept this pit avoidance guide for photovoltaic in 2022
Pit avoidance guidelines:
Make an agreement with the roof lessor in advance on the calculation basis and the distribution proportion of expropriation compensation for the losses caused by the shutdown and business suspension caused by the building owner's own poor management and the losses of solar power plants caused by the shutdown and business suspension when the house is subject to expropriation, so as to protect the legitimate rights and interests of investors.
2. taxes and rents
After many parties confirm that the land or roof can be used, they also need to pay relevant fees - land taxes and roof rents, and the payment of fees is far from being as simple as "paying money and land with one hand".
(1) Centralized photovoltaic - complex taxes and fees and rising rents.
There are many kinds of main taxes and fees involved in ground-based photovoltaic power stations: the national lowest price for industrial land transfer, cultivated land occupation tax, grassland vegetation restoration fee, forest vegetation restoration fee, urban land use tax, paid use fee for newly added construction land, etc. Among them, the national minimum price for industrial land transfer, cultivated land occupation tax, grassland vegetation restoration fee and paid use fee for new construction land are paid at one time, and the urban land use tax is paid every year.
Pit avoidance guidelines:
The specific charging standards of various taxes are as follows:
Urban land use tax
Be sure to accept this pit avoidance guide for photovoltaic in 2022
Cultivated land occupation tax
Cultivated land refers to the land used to grow crops; Land occupation tax shall be levied by applying mutatis mutandis the provisions of these regulations to those who occupy forest land, pasture land, farmland and water conservancy land, aquaculture water surface, fishery water area and tidal flats and other agricultural land for building houses or engaging in non-agricultural construction.
Be sure to accept this pit avoidance guide for photovoltaic in 2022
Photovoltaic power generation at the lowest price in the national industrial land transfer is an industrial project, and the lowest price standard for industrial land transfer is 60 yuan / square meter, that is, 40000 yuan / mu.
The forest vegetation restoration fee should be no less than 3 yuan per square meter of forest land and no less than 6 yuan per square meter of shrub land. The actual collection standard of forest vegetation restoration fee should be specifically understood by the local competent forestry department and the finance and taxation department.
The paid use fee for new construction land is divided into 15 grades according to the region where the new construction land is located. The specific collection standard ranges from 10 yuan per square meter to 140 yuan per square meter. See the following table for details:
Be sure to accept this pit avoidance guide for photovoltaic in 2022
In addition to complicated taxes and fees, at present, with less and less suitable photovoltaic construction land, the land price is soaring, and the project land cost accounts for an increasing proportion in the total investment. Enterprises tend to underestimate this cost, or even quite different. Once this problem occurs, it will bring additional pressure to the capital flow of enterprises.
Pit avoidance guidelines:
At present, most of the land rents in the western provinces of China are about 200-300 yuan / mu / year, but the rent prices in the Middle East are gradually pushing up. Hubei and Hunan are hot areas for filing this year, and the rent is about 600 yuan / mu / year. In the more eastern provinces, such as Shandong, Jiangsu and Hebei, the land rent is as high as 700-800 yuan / mu / year. The price of land for agricultural light, fishing light and other composite projects is basically about 1000-1500 yuan / mu / year. In some areas, the cost of land for projects has exceeded 2000 yuan / mu / year.
Be sure to accept this pit avoidance guide for photovoltaic in 2022
The land is hard won. It is suggested that the enterprise should reduce the land occupation and the investment cost of the project as much as possible during the project design; At the same time, when the land area of the project is determined, the land utilization rate of the project can be improved by reducing the array spacing and increasing the installed capacity.
(2) Distributed PV - roof price increase
With the reduction of roof resources, the rent of roof also rises.
Around 2015, there were few distributed photovoltaic projects in China, and the roof rent was generally 2~3 yuan / ㎡; When the time comes to 2021, the roof rent has risen to 8~10 yuan / ㎡, more than tripled, and there is also a discount on electricity charges.
In this case, the owners of some old projects will ask for a rise in rent prices. In order to keep the owners from raising prices, developers tend to maintain good relations. They should treat guests and give gifts during New Year holidays.
Be sure to accept this pit avoidance guide for photovoltaic in 2022
However, with the change of prices, it is inevitable that the roof rent will rise in the future.
In fact, the rent increase of 1~2 yuan / ㎡ will not have a great impact on the overall income of the project, but will have a significant impact on the original financial model and expected income. If the rent continues to rise, it will be a headache.
Pit avoidance guidelines:
When the developer makes the financial model, it is best to set the roof rent to rise once every 2~3 years.
2、 Construction
Although the construction process of photovoltaic project is controlled by the development enterprise itself, and is less affected by external factors, there are still "dynamic" risks in several aspects, which need to be paid attention to.
1. Local subsidy acquisition risk
At present, although all national subsidies for photovoltaic projects have been withdrawn, local subsidies have not been withdrawn in a short time. Photovoltaic power station development enterprises can get rich subsidies only when they grasp the opportunity.
Pit avoidance guidelines:
Obtain the detailed rules for the implementation of subsidies from the local government at the first time, and confirm the scope and scale of subsidies with the government policy contact person. In particular, if there are equipment procurement restrictions in the subsidy policy, it is necessary to submit it to the company's procurement department in advance to guide the equipment procurement plan and ensure that the project can enjoy local subsidies.
Be sure to accept this pit avoidance guide for photovoltaic in 2022
2. Index risk of power station
The indicators of new photovoltaic projects in each province are not unlimited, nor can all photovoltaic power stations get the indicators.
Escape Guide: Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr
The implementation and capital plan of the project shall be closely combined with the confirmation of the indicators of the power station. Before the implementation of the project, the developers of the power station shall establish an effective information acquisition mechanism with the local provincial development and Reform Commission to understand the provincial filing scale and annual indicator volume of the project. And keep abreast of the real-time progress of the same batch of registered projects to ensure that the project implementation plan and actual progress meet the conditions for the project to obtain indicators.
3. Power access and risk mitigation
Some friends who live in rural areas report that the roof of their home is very large. They want to install photovoltaic devices, but they won't let them in the village. Why? This is related to the local transformer capacity.
The transformers in each village are limited in capacity, and grid connected PV does not mean unlimited supply.
At present, although the regulation that the household PV access capacity is less than 25% of the transformer capacity has been cancelled, according to the relevant regulations of local voltage bureaus, the maximum installed capacity cannot exceed 100% of the transformer capacity, that is, if there are two 100 KVA transformers in a village, that is, 200 KVA, the village can only install 200 kW PV power stations at most.
Be sure to accept this pit avoidance guide for photovoltaic in 2022
Therefore, before the development of distributed photovoltaic projects, the risk of power access must be eliminated to avoid useless work.
Pit avoidance guidelines:
During the preliminary development of the project, the developers actively communicated with and collected data from the development planning department of the local power grid company, mastered the current power supply situation and development planning of the local power grid, and made clear whether the local power grid and the power market have enough power capacity to absorb the power generation of the project, and whether the solar power generation projects that have been built locally have lost light.
Based on the information of the local power grid, it is suggested to appropriately adjust the over installed scale of the project, so that the power generation capacity of the project can be accepted by the State Grid and the power generation capacity can be consumed by the local power market, so as to reduce the occurrence of power restriction and light abandonment.
3、 Later operation
The later operation problems mainly exist in distributed photovoltaic projects. After all, photovoltaic power stations are installed on the roofs of people, and investment enterprises are always in a passive position.
The following pits often make the development enterprises fall into the embarrassing situation of "wishing to dismantle the power station" but unable to dismantle it.
1. Electricity charge pit
In 2020, a piece of "behind the arrears of 6million electricity bills: the frustration and pain of industrial and commercial distributed photovoltaic" spread all over the circle of friends of photovoltaic people, telling a "shocking" story that a photovoltaic enterprise was unlucky to meet a "Lao Lai" who was in arrears of electricity bills and was in arrears of more than 6million.
In February, 2020, Shandong Caoxian lezhao Photovoltaic Technology Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Longji new energy, issued a paper petition to Shandong Fuyang Technology Co., Ltd. and Shanshan